Table 2.
Observational studies using septic patients or combined animal models focused on the characteristics of Tregs in sepsis.
| Observational study | Species | Model | Observation time | Specimen Source | Tregs | Immunological characteristics | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yin, et al. (74) | Humans | Severe sepsis/septic shock patients with severe neutropenia | Day of PICU admission | Blood | Percentage↑ | CRP, PCT, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ↑ | 28-ds survival↓ |
| Jiang, et al. (76) | Humans | Septic patients | Day of ICU admission | Blood | PD-1↑↑ CD28, PD-L1, and CD86↑ |
No data | SOFA scores↑ 28-ds survival↓ |
| Youssef, et al. (91) | Neonates | Vitamin D deficiency | After enrolled | Cord blood | Percentage ↓ | Total lymphocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ T-helper, CD8+ T-cytotoxic lymphocytes, and CD4+CD45RA+ naïve T cells↓ | 16.27% of infants with a 25-OHD deficiency were admitted with sepsis No cases of sepsis in the normal 25-OHD group |
| Carvelli, et al. (37) | Humans | Septic shock patients | 24 and 72 hs after admission | Blood | Percentage↓ | Lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells and CD3−CD56+ NK) ↓ HLA-DR↓ Innate lymphoid cells 1 count↑ Innate lymphoid cells 2 count↓ Innate lymphoid cells 3 count↓ Innate lymphoid cells 3 percentage↑ |
secondary infections↑ |
| Arens, et al. (92) | Humans | Abdominal sepsis | Over 5 ds | Blood | No distinguishable trends in the percentage | B and NK cell counts↓ IL-8↓ Th17 cells↑ |
Day 21, 5/26 patients showed no candida colonization or invasive candidiasis (IC), 13/26 patients colonization was detected, and 8/26 patients were diagnosed with IC. |
| Xu, et al. (60) | Humans | Septic patients | Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after sepsis | Blood | Foxp3 (survivors)↑ | HLA‐DRA (survivors)↑ Th1 and Th2 cells(especially non-survivors)↓ Th17 (survivors)↑ T‐bet (Th1) and GATA‐3 (Th2) had a linear correlation with HLA‐DRA 59 survivors, 19 non‐survivors |
|
| Yu, et al. (80) | Humans | Septic patients | After admission | Blood | The ratio of IL-10+ Tregs to total Tregs↓ | TSLP↑ Number of Th1 cells↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α↑ |
134 patients had hyperleukocytosis and a high neutrophil ratio Mortality↑ Stays in the intensive care unit↑ |
| Liu, et al. (75) | Humans | Septic patients | Ds 1 and 7 | Blood | Day 1, absolute number (non-survivors) ↓ Day 7, percentage and absolute number(non-survivors) ↑ Day 7, percentage↓↓ and absolute number(survivors) ↑↑ |
BTLA expression on Tregs (non-survivors) ↑↑ Day 1, BTLA on CD4+ T cells was in patients with severe sepsis↓ day 7, BTLA on CD4+ T−cells in both survivors and non-survivors↑ BTLA/Tregs were positively correlated with SOFA |
|
| Greenberg, et al. (93) | Humans | Staphylococcus aureus | After positive S. aureus blood culture | Blood | Associated with immunosuppressive medications | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count ratio↑ IL-6 and IL-17A↑ Th17↑ Th1↓ Th17 score-to-Th1 score ratios↑ |
90-ds survival↓ |
| Lu, et al. (40) | Humans | Septic shock | Within 3 ds | Blood | Percentage↑ OX40↑ |
CD28, CD27, OX40 on CD4+ T cells↑ OX40 on CD4+CD27-CD28- T cells↑ CD4+CD27-CD28- T cells↓ 4-1BB on CD4/8+ T cells↓ |
28-ds survival↓ SOFA↑ |
| Li, et al. (67) | Humans | Pneumonia induced sepsis | Day of ICU admission | Blood | Percentage and absolute number↓ | Th17/Treg, Th1/Th2, and M1/M2 cell radios↑ IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18↑ HMGB1, RAGE, and IL-17A↑ |
No data |
| SD rats | Pneumonia-derived sepsis rat was induced with Klebsiella pneumonia | 12 hs after induced | Blood Lung |
||||
| Willers, et al. (94) | Infants (newborns and during infancy) | Follow-up observation was conducted for 2 years | First-year of life (ds 1, 3, 10, 30, 90, 180, and 360) | Stool samples Intestine biopsies |
A low level of S100 proteins in infants’ fecal samples associated with the development of sepsis and obesity by age 2 years. | ||
| Newborn S100a9–/–mouse | Infected with Staphylococcus aureus | 24hs after infection | Blood Intestine Mesenterial Celiac lymph nodes Colon contents |
Percentage and absolute number (brain)↓ | CX3CR1 protein, and Il10 and Tgfb1 mRNAs↓ | fatal sepsis↑ | |
Compared with the control group, “↑” represents up-regulation, increase or enhancement； “↓” represents down-regulation, decrease or inhibition.