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. 2022 Mar 1;21:100438. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100438

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 7 — Serum levels of biomarkers related to brain injury. (a–d) S100β (a), SAA (b), GFAP (c), and NF-L (d) serum concentrations represented longitudinally for each of the football athletes who did not experience a diagnosed concussion, at mid- (n = 9, blue), post- (n = 9, yellow), and off-season (n = 9, gray). Significance was determined by Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test (∗p < 0.05). (e–h) S100β (e), SAA (f), GFAP (g), and NF-L (h) serum concentrations after diagnosed concussion (n = 4, red) compared to the values in the in-season (n = 24, green) for the rest of the players in the study. Significance was determined by an unpaired T-test. SAA: Serum amyloid A; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; NF-L: Neurofilament light. (i) Heatmap of the Pearson's correlation coefficients between the concentration of serum biomarkers throughout the sports season and the relative abundance of species and genus significantly changed in the gut microbiome analysis. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01.