Table 2.
Associations of covariates at DCCT closeout with risk of first-recorded DFU or LEA during EDIC follow-up
| DFU | LEA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Model 2 adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Model 1 adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Model 2 adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
| Male sex | 1.23 (0.92, 1.63) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.66) | 1.82 (0.91, 3.65) | 1.93 (0.96, 3.90) |
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.34 (1.09, 1.66) | 1.46 (1.19, 1.80) | 1.52 (0.92, 2.51) | 1.85 (1.14, 3.00) |
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.57 (1.15, 2.13) | 1.88 (1.38, 2.54) |
| Current smoking | 1.13 (0.82, 1.57) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.44) | 2.02 (1.02, 4.00) | 1.66 (0.84, 3.31) |
| Duration of diabetes (per 5 years) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.30) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.63) | 1.40 (0.99, 1.98) |
| Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 1.24 (0.94, 1.65) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) |
| LDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) |
| HDL cholesterol (per 5 mg/dL) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) |
| Triglycerides (per 20 mg/dL) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.23) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) |
| Mean DCCT HbA1c (per 10% increment) | 1.23 (1.14, 1.34) | Same as model 1 | 1.73 (1.41, 2.12) | Same as model 1 |
| DCCT closeout HbA1c only (per 10% increment) | 1.20 (1.12, 1.29) | — | 1.60 (1.34, 1.91) | — |
| Sustained eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | * | * | * | * |
| Sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h | 2.13 (1.47, 3.10) | 1.67 (1.13, 2.45) | 2.11 (0.88, 5.05) | 1.05 (0.42, 2.61) |
| Any confirmed clinical neuropathy | 1.52 (1.08, 2.14) | 1.23 (0.87, 1.75) | 2.86 (1.40, 5.83) | 1.74 (0.85, 3.58) |
| Sural nerve conduction velocity (per 5 m/s) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.61) |
| Any CAN | 1.60 (1.13, 2.26) | 1.43 (1.01, 2.03) | 1.48 (0.65, 3.37) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.56) |
| Any retinopathy† | ||||
| None/mild nonproliferative | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Moderate nonproliferative | 1.65 (1.14, 2.39) | 1.33 (0.92, 1.93) | 1.36 (0.55, 3.35) | 0.83 (0.34, 2.01) |
| Severe nonproliferative | 1.01 (0.32, 3.24) | 0.71 (0.22, 2.28) | 1.57 (0.20, 12.38) | 0.59 (0.07, 4.84) |
| Proliferative | 1.68 (0.92, 3.08) | 1.15 (0.62, 2.14) | 2.39 (0.72, 7.99) | 0.95 (0.28, 3.27) |
| Macular edema | 1.40 (0.85, 2.31) | 1.39 (0.84, 2.29) | 4.01 (1.74, 9.23) | 4.15 (1.78, 9.67) |
| ABI‡ | ||||
| <0.9 | 0.84 (0.46, 1.55) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.46) | 2.62 (1.01, 6.80) | 2.27 (0.86, 5.95) |
| 0.9–1.3 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| >1.3 | 0.76 (0.19, 3.07) | 0.74 (0.18, 2.98) | * | * |
Model 1 adjustment: age, sex, and diabetes duration at DCCT closeout, as appropriate. Model 2 adjustment: age, sex, diabetes duration at DCCT closeout, and mean DCCT HbA1c, as appropriate. Boldface indicates statistically significant associations. Ref, referent.
*
No foot ulcer or amputation occurred; HR cannot be estimated.
†
Model 2 comparison of moderate to severe to none/mild nonproliferative retinopathy: DFU P = 0.04, LEA P = 0.56.
‡
Model 2 comparison of ABI <0.9 and >1.3 with ABI 0.9–1.3: DFU P = 0.80, LEA P = 0.14.