Table 1.

Description of the population

	Youth-onset T2D (n = 52)*	Adult-onset T2D (n = 109)†	P
Age at diabetes onset, years	19.8 ± 4.2	34.4 ± 7.5	—
Female sex, %	81	69	0.11‡
Insulin therapy, %	52	44	0.35‡
RAAS therapy, %	54	62	0.30‡
Ever had RAAS therapy, %§	75	80	0.49‡
Age at biopsy, years	39.1 ± 9.9	51.4 ± 10.2	<0.0001
Diabetes duration at biopsy, years	19.3 ± 8.1	17.0 ± 7.8	0.09
HbA1c, %	10.2 ± 2.3	9.2 ± 2.1	0.006
HbA1c, mmol/mol	88 ± 25	77 ± 23	0.006
Mean HbA1c over course of study, %§	10.0 ± 1.8	8.9 ± 1.8	0.0004
Mean HbA1c over course of study, mmol/mol§	86 ± 20	74 ± 19	0.0004
BMI, kg/m2	34.0 ± 8.9	36.9 ± 7.3	0.03
SBP, mmHg	123 ± 14	122 ± 16	0.59
DBP, mmHg	77 ± 11	74 ± 10	0.13
Cholesterol, mg/dL	155 ± 35	158 ± 38	0.73
Triglycerides, mg/dL	153 (97–233)	128 (107–198)	0.54ǁ
ACR, mg/g	58 (17–470)	27 (13–73)	0.02ǁ
GFR, mL/min	155 ± 56	138 ± 52	0.06
RPF, mL/min	734 ± 265	685 ± 246	0.34
Filtration fraction	0.21 ± 0.07	0.20 ± 0.05	0.45
Exposed to diabetes in utero, %	13	9	0.51‡

Data are presented as percentage, mean ± SD, or median (IQR). P values were determined using t tests unless otherwise indicated.

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^*n = 44 for cholesterol and triglycerides; n = 46 for exposed to diabetes in utero; n = 37 for RPF and filtration fraction.

^†n = 108 for ACR and n = 102 for cholesterol and triglycerides; n = 86 for exposed to diabetes in utero; n = 78 for RPF and filtration fraction.

^‡χ² test.

^§Median observation time prior to biopsy examination was 8.8 (IQR 5.1–13.9) years for youth-onset and 6.0 (IQR 0–14.4) years for adult-onset T2D (P = 0.63 for difference between groups).

^ǁWilcoxon rank sum test.