Figure 2.

Joint associations of 4-year change in diet (AHEI) and physical activity (PA) with weight change, stratified by history of GDM: no (A) and yes (B). Least squares (LS) means of 4-year weight change were modeled in multivariable marginal models with generalized estimating equations adjusting for follow-up period, race (White or non-White), marital status (ever married or other), family history of diabetes (yes or no), age (years), BMI (underweight <18.5, normal 18.5–24.9, overweight 25–29.9, or obese ≥30.0 kg/m²), oral contraceptive use (current, past, or never), menopausal and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use status (premenopausal never HRT use, postmenopausal never HRT use, postmenopausal current HRT use, postmenopausal past HRT use, or missing), sleep duration (≤6, 7–8, or >8 h), and categorical change in smoking status. LS means were calculated as marginal means with adjusted covariates set as mean for continuous covariates and prevalence for categorical covariates. P heterogeneity was calculated by the generalized score statistics for the interaction term between categorical joint variables of AHEI and PA and history of GDM. Overall P heterogeneity by history of GDM = 0.28.