Table 1.
Characteristics of YYA who participated in SEARCH study visits by study period and diabetes type
| Type 1 | Type 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2007 (N = 3,398) | 2008–2013 (N = 2,184) | 2014–2019 (N = 1,742) | P value | 2002–2007 (N = 379) | 2008–2013 (N = 327) | 2014–2019 (N = 519) | P value | |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.5 (1.5) | 8.9 (1.8) | 9.1 (2.0) | <0.0001 | 8.4 (2.8) | 8.3 (2.8) | 8.9 (2.9) | 0.0034 |
| Diabetes duration, years (SD) | 4.6 (3.6) | 5.8 (2.8) | 8.3 (4.4) | <0.0001 | 2.9 (1.6) | 5.3 (3.1) | 7.0 (4.5) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin regimen (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| Not on insulin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 222 (58.6) | 176 (53.8) | 275 (53.0) | ||
| Insulin pump | 845 (24.9) | 976 (44.7) | 856 (49.1) | 12 (3.2) | 25 (7.6) | 31 (6.0) | ||
| Basal-bolus injections | 1,000 (29.4) | 880 (40.3) | 781 (44.8) | 44 (11.6) | 66 (20.2) | 104 (20.0) | ||
| Other insulin regimens | 1,544 (45.4) | 261 (12.0) | 77 (4.4) | 95 (25.1) | 51 (15.6) | 92 (17.7) | ||
| Unknown | 9 (0.3) | 67 (3.1) | 28 (1.6) | 6 (1.6) | 8 (2.4) | 17 (3.3) | ||
| Medication regimen (%) | 0.3678 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Insulin only | 3,310 (97.4) | 2,120 (97.1) | 1,685 (96.7) | 63 (16.6) | 61 (18.7) | 119 (22.9) | ||
| Insulin plus oral agent | 88 (2.6) | 64 (2.9) | 57 (3.3) | 94 (24.8) | 90 (27.5) | 122 (23.5) | ||
| Metformin only | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120 (31.7) | 98 (30.0) | 125 (24.1) | ||
| Other oral agent | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 (15.3) | 27 (8.3) | 26 (5.0) | ||
| None | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 (11.6) | 51 (15.6) | 117 (22.5) | ||
| Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (1.9) | ||
| Blood glucose monitoring frequency (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than once a day | 106 (3.1) | 496 (22.7) | 276 (15.8) | 122 (32.2) | 52 (15.9) | 132 (25.4) | ||
| 1–3 times/day | 646 (19.0) | 474 (21.7) | 304 (17.5) | 169 (44.6) | 95 (29.1) | 95 (18.3) | ||
| ≥4 times/day | 2,506 (73.7) | 674 (30.9) | 341 (19.6) | 64 (16.9) | 63 (19.3) | 55 (10.6) | ||
| CGM* | 0 | 165 (7.6) | 410 (23.5) | 0 | 28 (8.6) | 44 (8.5) | ||
| Unknown | 140 (4.1) | 375 (17.2) | 411 (23.6) | 24 (6.3) | 89 (27.2) | 193 (37.2) | ||
| Sex (%) | 0.5429 | 0.5918 | ||||||
| Female | 1,680 (49.4) | 1,073 (49.1) | 885 (50.8) | 235 (62.0) | 205 (62.7) | 338 (65.1) | ||
| Male | 1,718 (50.6) | 1,111 (50.9) | 857 (49.2) | 144 (38.0) | 122 (37.3) | 181 (34.9) | ||
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0058 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,622 (77.2) | 1,649 (75.5) | 1,028 (59.0) | 70 (18.5) | 60 (18.3) | 95 (18.3) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 240 (7.1) | 180 (8.2) | 224 (12.9) | 145 (38.3) | 128 (39.1) | 216 (41.6) | ||
| Hispanic | 369 (10.9) | 245 (11.2) | 363 (20.8) | 88 (23.2) | 86 (26.3) | 145 (27.9) | ||
| Native American | 19 (0.6) | 10 (0.5) | 10 (0.6) | 57 (15.0) | 29 (8.9) | 33 (6.4) | ||
| Other/unknown/multiple | 148 (4.4) | 100 (4.6) | 117 (6.7) | 19 (5.0) | 24 (7.3) | 30 (5.8) | ||
| Age, years (SD) | 12.9 (4.4) | 15.1 (5.0) | 18.0 (5.7) | <0.0001 | 17.1 (2.8) | 19.5 (4.3) | 21.4 (5.0) | <0.0001 |
| BMI z-score (SD) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.0758 | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.5024 |
| Household income (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| <$25,000 | 423 (12.4) | 312 (14.3) | 278 (16.0) | 145 (38.3) | 132 (40.4) | 175 (33.7) | ||
| $25,000–49,999 | 695 (20.5) | 357 (16.3) | 306 (17.6) | 83 (21.9) | 54 (16.5) | 92 (17.7) | ||
| $50,000–74,999 | 695 (20.5) | 362 (16.6) | 231 (13.3) | 42 (11.1) | 28 (8.6) | 33 (6.4) | ||
| >$75,000 | 1,335 (39.3) | 863 (39.5) | 555 (31.9) | 31 (8.2) | 30 (9.2) | 38 (7.3) | ||
| Do not know/refused | 250 (7.4) | 290 (13.3) | 372 (21.4) | 78 (20.6) | 83 (25.4) | 181 (34.9) | ||
| Health insurance (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| None | 43 (1.3) | 60 (2.7) | 49 (2.8) | 18 (4.7) | 47 (14.4) | 53 (10.2) | ||
| Other | 54 (1.6) | 70 (3.2) | 88 (5.1) | 32 (8.4) | 21 (6.4) | 37 (7.1) | ||
| Medicaid/Medicare | 568 (16.7) | 431 (19.7) | 425 (24.4) | 144 (38.0) | 131 (40.1) | 229 (44.1) | ||
| Private | 2,733 (80.4) | 1,623 (74.3) | 1,180 (67.7) | 185 (48.8) | 128 (39.1) | 200 (38.5) | ||
*
Not collected prior to 2011 and at baseline visits in 2012 and 2016.