Table 1. Characteristics of the patients.

Values are presented as number only, mean ± standard deviation, or number (%).

PPPD, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; HPD, hepaticopancreaticoduodenectomy; AoV, ampulla of Vater.

^a)Including rheumatoid arthritis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and gout.

^b)Including metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, and gallbladder cancer.