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. 2022 Mar 10;5(3):e221860. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.1860

Table 2. Gender Differences in Experiences of Leadership Emergence.

Areas of gender difference Exemplar quotes
Male chairs Female chairs
  • Identity as leader

  • Destiny: “I can't say I was a good grade school athlete because I was a little short guy, but I wanted to be a leader in sports. And so in high school, I wound up being a captain of both the soccer team and the swimming team. Same thing going into college. My goal was to be the captain of the rowing team. That kind of stuff just carried through.” —participant M-12

  • Preparation: “I actively looked for opportunities to contribute, and it's hard work, right? We know it's hard work. It takes time, but I personally feel like it's [leadership] an obligation.” —participant F-19

  • Motivation to become chair

  • Gaining influence: “When I started, we had no one in any senior leadership within the organization. I've been very strategic and really tried to identify openings and recruit specifically to fill those positions. It's not by accident, I think, emergency medicine has become much more influential in the health system and the school.” —participant M-14

  • Making things better: “It was an opportunity to build something from the ground-up, which inspired me. I saw an opportunity to make change and make a difference, and that's what drives me.” —participant F-15

  • Considering risks of being chair

  • Dismissive: “I simply made the assessment that the risk balance of becoming the chair for me, personally, was better, more favorable than not being the chair.” —participant M-16

  • Cautious: “The real risk is that it’s almost as if women are disposable leaders. They put us in on the most difficult jobs, with the biggest issues, and if you do a great job, that's great, but ultimately if you fail or if you have a misstep, you know, you get one, and your career is over.” —participant F-11

  • Leadership advancement

  • Sponsored: “He knew I wanted to be the residency director, and he helped get me there. And then, he started to talk to me about being chair, and he created a vice-chair position that would promote me, to get me ready.” —participant M-7

  • Self-directed: “I chose this title and have worked for it for my whole life. I became a leader to do these things and help people get where they're going while still achieving the goals of the organization.” —participant F-17