Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for EMA Survey Items
| Variables | Data Points, n | Mean ± SD or % | Observed Range | ICC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily symptom ratings | ||||
| Happy | 669 | 6.40 ± 2.33 | 0–10 | 0.67 |
| Depressed | 669 | 2.87 ± 2.91 | 0–10 | 0.84 |
| Anxious | 669 | 3.18 ± 3.17 | 0–10 | 0.86 |
| Stress | 669 | 3.40 ± 3.19 | 0–10 | 0.79 |
| Pain | 669 | 3.79 ± 3.29 | 0–10 | 0.92 |
| Diabetes distress | 135 | 2.90 ± 2.93 | 0–10 | 0.74 |
| PTSS | 135 | 1.32 ± 1.19 | 0–4 | 0.84 |
| Where are you? | 669 | |||
| At home | 79.4 | — | ||
| Work | 6.7 | — | ||
| In vehicle | 4.3 | — | ||
| Outside walking | 3.4 | — | ||
| Other | 6.0 | — | ||
| What are you doing? | 669 | |||
| Sedentary activities | 60.3 | — | ||
| Eating or preparing food | 13.0 | — | ||
| Instrumental activities of daily living | 11.7 | — | ||
| Intellectual activities | 10 | — | ||
| Physical activities | 3.6 | — | ||
| Social activities | 1.5 | — | ||
| Who are you with? | 669 | |||
| Alone | 37.5 | — | ||
| Spouse or partner | 33.5 | — | ||
| Friends | 4.0 | — | ||
| Other family members | 7.2 | — | ||
| Pets | 30 | — | ||
| Health care provider | 0.3 | — | ||
| Other known or unknown | 8.2 | — | ||
| Number of daily interactions | 669 | 1.36 ± 1.23 | 0–4 | 0.34 |
| Extent someone helped with a diabetes problem? | 135 | 5.44 ± 3.65 | 0–10 | 0.74 |
| Talked with someone about diabetes today? | 135 | 41.5 | 0.29 | |
| How helpful was that person? | 56 | 7.49 ± 1.91 | 2–10 | 0.36 |
| Diabetes quality of life | 135 | 2.96 ± 1.00 | 0–4 | 0.63 |
| Limitations because of physical health or emotional problems | 135 | 2.55 ± 1.26 | 1–5 | 0.71 |
| Social activities limited because of physical health? | 135 | 2.73 ± 1.20 | 1–5 | 0.76 |
| Today, how would you say your health is? | 135 | 5.73 ± 2.71 | 0–10 | 0.95 |
| Diabetes self-management* | ||||
| Followed a healthful eating plan | 135 | 85.5 | 0.20 | |
| Ate five or more fruits and vegetables | 135 | 44.4 | 0.44 | |
| Ate high-fat foods | 135 | 29.6 | 0.08 | |
| Ate sweets and carbohydrates | 135 | 11.1 | 0.40 | |
| Participated in physical activity | 135 | 57.0 | 0.36 | |
| Participated in exercise | 135 | 35.6 | 0.32 | |
| Monitored blood glucose | 135 | 66.7 | 0.84 | |
| Monitored blood glucose as recommended | 135 | 71.9 | 0.83 | |
| Checked feet | 135 | 71.1 | 0.46 | |
| Took medication | 135 | 98.5 | NA | |
| Took insulin | 82 | 100 | NA | |
| Smoked even one cigarette | 135 | 10.4 | NA |
*
Diabetes self-management responses are reported as the mean percentage of days participants reported carrying out each item. NA, not applicable. ICC could not be computed due to low variability.