Table. Summary of biomarkers of NERD vs. ATA.
| Variables | Biomarker | Sample | Methodology | Baseline vs. ATA | Ref. | Response after ASA challenges vs. ATA | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arachidonic acid metabolism | LTE4 | Urine | Immunoassay | ↑ | 7,11,14 | ↑ | 7,11 |
| Metabolomic analysis | ↑ | 10 | |||||
| Sputum | Immunoassay | ↑ | 7 | ||||
| Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 8 | ↑ | 8 | |||
| Saliva | Immunoassay | ↑ | 7 | ||||
| Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 7 | ↑ | 7 | ||
| Metabolomic analysis | ↑ | 10 | ↑ | 10 | |||
| LTE4/PGF2α | Urine | Metabolomic analysis | ↑ | 10 | ↑ | 10 | |
| Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 27 | |||||
| Blood | Metabolomic analysis | ↑ | 10 | ↑ | 10 | ||
| Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 27 | |||||
| LTB4 glucuronide | Urine | Immunoassay | ↔ | 22 | ↑ | 22 | |
| PGD2 | Sputum | Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 8 | ↑ | 8 | |
| 9α,11β-PGF2 | Blood | Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 19 | |||
| PGD-M | Urine | Mass spectrometry | ↑ | 24 | |||
| Eosinophilic inflammation | Eosinophils | Bronchial biopsy | Immunohistochemical staining | ↑ | 40 | ||
| Nasal fluid | Morphological count of stained slide | ↑ | 41,42 | ↑ | 41 | ||
| EDN | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 46 | |||
| Mast cells | Bronchial biopsy | Morphological count | ↑ | 49 | |||
| Basophils | Nasal fluid | Morphological count | ↑ | 41 | |||
| Epithelial cells | Periostin | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 62 | ||
| TGF-β | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 64,65 | |||
| DPP10 | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 65 | |||
| SPD | Blood | Immunoassay | ↓ | 68 | |||
| FCN | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 72 | |||
| Platelets | Platelet-associated leukocytes | Blood | Flow cytometry | ↑ | 74,75 | ||
| Nasal polyp tissue | Immunohistochemistry | ↑ | 74 | ||||
| sP-selectin and sCD40L | Blood | Immunoassay | ↑ | 75 |
ASA, aspirin; ATA, aspirin-tolerant asthma; NERD, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease; LTE4, leukotriene E4; PGF2α, prostaglandin F2α; LTB4, leukotriene B4; PGD2, prostaglandin D2; 9α,11β-PGF2: 9 alpha, 11 beta-prostaglandin F2; PGD-M, prostaglandin D2 metabolite; EDN, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; DPP10, dipeptidyl-peptidase 10; SPD, surfactant protein D; FCN, folliculin; sP-selectin, soluble P-selectin; sCD40L, soluble CD40 ligand.