Table 1.

Security and privacy issues in earlier mobile networks.

Mobile Networks	Supported Services and Functions	Security and Privacy Issues
1G	Deliver voice communications services Uses analog modulation techniques, lacks a specified wireless standard	Unencrypted nature of telephone services Unauthorized access and eavesdropping attacks Cloning attacks
2G	Enable voice and short messaging services Anonymity is achieved via anonymous identifiers TMSI privacy solution and radio path encryption	Unauthorized access One-way authentication issue IMSI-catcher attacks Traceability attacks Eavesdropping attacks End to end encryption problem
3G	Provide internet access Advanced services such as TV streaming, internet browsing Air interface security and user authentication 3GPP supports various privacy considerations for 3G networks include securely locating, identifying	Two-way authentication Authentication server attacks Integrity threats, Unauthorized data access, Denial of Service (dos) attacks Unauthorized service access AKA sniffing attacks
4G	Handle complex applications such as High-Definition Television (HD TV) Support diversity of intelligent mobile terminals 4G networks offered up to 1 Gbit per second for downlink transmission 500 Mbit per second for uplink communication	Tampering hardware platforms Viruses and operating system attacks Medium Access Control (MAC) layer vulnerabilities Eavesdropping and replay attacks Data integrity attacks Unauthorized access attacks Authentication issues
5G	Connecting higher number of growing devices Delivering higher quality services to all network entities Enhanced Ultra-Reliable, Low Latency Communication (ERLLC) Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) Support high requirements to ensure service and resources availability and continuity	DoS or resource attacks Hiding of active and passive eavesdropping using large MIMOs SDN threats and rogue applications NFV services security problems 5G-AKA attacks and issues IMSI-catcher attacks Voice IP attacks Traceability attacks Exploiting information from failure messages