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. 2022 Feb 24;22(5):1803. doi: 10.3390/s22051803

Table 14.

Research Gaps and Future directions.

Research Gap & Issue Description Solution
Clinical Results Ophthalmologists feedback is required in order
to check the accuracy of the deep learning predictor.
Cross-Database Validation
Data Augmentation Accurate data augmentation is an expensive solution
and expert Ophthalmologist services are required in
every angle of lesion image.
Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs),
New data augmentation techniques
with fewer learnable parameters
Class Imbalance The number of DR cases is much lower than normal
cases
Data Augmentation Techniques,
Geometric Transformations
Lack of Uniformity Angle of images are not uniform, out of focus, and
causes the diffusion of light in the retina
Generative Adversarial Networks
(GAN)
New Augmentation Techniques
Translation Effect Variability and screening programs do not follow
a standard and cause issues
Translation Standards are required
Race Scaling It has been observed that darker retina vascular
properties are comparatively different to the
light tone retina
Heterogeneous cohorts
parameters