Table 1.

Tissue engineering applications of GO-protein/peptide bioconjugates.

Biocomplex	Formulation	Tissue Engineering Application	Conclusions	Ref.
GO/peptide FEFKFEFK (F: phenylalanine; K: lysine; E: glutamic acid)	Hydrogel	Nucleus pulposus (NP) regeneration	GO provides mechanical reinforcement to the hydrogel, facilitates cell adhesion, and can also load and deliver growth factors.	Ligorio et al. [106]
GO/acellular cartilage extracellular matrix	Scaffold	Cartilage tissue regeneration	Composite scaffolds showed increased biocompatibility and reduced inflammatory response after implantation and favored cartilage tissue regeneration.	Gong et al. [107]
GO/gelatin	Aerogel	Skin tissue regeneration/wound healing	The nanocomposite aerogel exhibits hemostatic activity and clogging properties suitable for wound dressing applications.	Borges-Vilches et al. [108]
GO/gelatin	Hydrogel	Tissue adhesive and regeneration	The synthesized formulation showed increased biocompatibility, high mechanical properties, and the ability to promote fibroblast proliferation.	Ryu et al. [109]
GO/poly L-alanine	Thermogel	Adipose tissue engineering	GO–peptide thermogel favored cell differentiation of seeded tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells. GO improved cell adhesion and acted as a carrier for growth factors.	Patel et al. [110]
GO/gelatin	Hydrogel	Skeletal muscle regeneration	Nanocomposite hydrogel favored the instinctive myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts without the aid of external growth factors.	Kang et al. [111]
GO/GelMA/PCL	Nanofibers	Peripheral nerve regeneration	rGO improved the mechanical and electrical properties of the formulation and, at lower concentration of about 0.25–0.5 wt%, enhanced Schwann cell (RSC96) proliferation.	Fang et al. [112]
GO/gelatin/alginate	Nanofibrous scaffolds	Skin tissue engineering	The hybrid electrospun scaffold comprising carboxylated GO exhibited increased biocompatibility and proved to be an appropriate environment for cell adhesion and proliferation.	Ghitman et al. [113]
GO/collagen/PCL/chitosan	Electrospun scaffold	Bone tissue engineering	The concentration of GO within the polymeric scaffold strongly influenced cell adhesion and proliferation, and the nanocomposite with a high ratio of GO showed the most increased osteogenic activity.	Aidun et al. [114]
GO/RGD peptide/PLGA	Nanofibrous mat	Vascular tissue engineering	The 3D structure of the electrospun network was similar to the ECM. The presence of both GO and RGD sequence favored cellular adhesion and proliferation.	Shin et al. [115]