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. 2022 Feb 24;7(1):e28861. doi: 10.2196/28861

Table 4.

Comparison of clinical trial results.

Author Trial and controller setting Results
Breton et al [52]
  • 12 adults, randomized crossover trial, 24-hour closed-loop experiments each with exercise

  • Exercise detection using HRa

  • Meal bolus manually calculated

  • Time in euglycemiab for APc with HR and without HR overall 81% vs 75%, exercise 91% vs 85%, and overnight 89% vs 84%

  • Using HR resulted in fewer hypoglycemic events during exercise (0 vs 2)

DeBoer et al [51]
  • 18 adolescents, randomized crossover trial, 24-hour closed-loop experiments each with exercise

  • Exercise detection using HR

  • Meal bolus manually calculated

  • Time in euglycemia for AP with HR and without HR overall 77% vs 74%, exercise 96% vs 87%, and overnight 92% vs 84%

  • Small reduction in hypoglycemic events (0.39 HR-informed AP vs 0.50 without HR)

Jacobs et al [44]
  • 21 adults, randomized crossover trial, 22-hour experiments each with exercise

  • Exercise-detection algorithm triggered manually

  • Time in euglycemia with exercise detection 67%, without exercise detection 72%, and SAPd 68%

  • Time in hypoglycemia (<3.9 mmol/L) 0.3%, 3.1%, and 0.8%, respectively

  • Time in hyperglycemia (<10 mmol/L) 32%, 25%, and 31%, respectively

Castle et al [45]
  • 20 adults, randomized crossover trial, 4-day experiments each with exercise

  • Exercise-detection algorithm triggered using wearable sensor in SHe and DHf controllers

  • Time in euglycemia overall SH 74.3%, DH 72%, PLGSg 65.2%, and current care 63.1%

  • Time in hypoglycemia 2.8%, 1.3%, 2%, and 3.1%, respectively

Turksoy et al [36,39]
  • 3 young adults, seven 32- or 60-hour closed-loop experiments with exercise

  • Additional signals integrated continuously

  • Time in euglycemia 62% (overnight 75.3%, exercise 55%, and glycemic closed loop 56.1%)

Turksoy et al [37]
  • 3 young adults, 70-hour closed-loop experiments with exercise

  • Additional signals integrated continuously

  • Time in euglycemia 46.5%

Turksoy et al [40]
  • 9 young adults, 2-day closed-loop experiments with exercise

  • Additional signals integrated continuously

  • Time in euglycemia 58%

Turksoy et al [41]
  • 10 young adults, eighteen 60-hour closed-loop experiments with exercise

  • Additional signals integrated continuously, with submodules

  • Time in euglycemia 69.9% for exercise and recovery periods and 76.75% overall performance

aHR: heart rate.

bEuglycemia target range 70-180 mg/dL (Jacobs et al [44] report euglycemia as 3.9-10 mmol/L, range 70.2-180 mg/dL, whereas all other studies report results for the range 70-180 mg/dL).

cAP: artificial pancreas.

dSAP: sensor-augmented pump.

eSH: single hormone.

fDH: dual hormone.

gPLGS: predictive low-glucose suspend.