Table 2.

Pathogen and Surrogate log reduction value (LRV) mean using either observations or extrapolated data and standard deviation (SD) for each treatment process.

Treatment process	Pathogen	Mean based on observationsa					Extrapolated mean		SD	References
		Surrogate	LRV	N	Detection Rate	References	Surrogate	LRV
MBR	Norovirus	NA	3.8	48	30%	(Branch, 2016; Severn, 2003; Francy et al., 2012; Miura et al., 2015; Ottoson et al., 2006; Pettigrew et al., 2010; Simmons et al., 2011)	FRNA bacteriophages	5.6b	1	(Severn, 2003)
MBR	Rotavirus c	FRNA bacteriophages	5.6	162	69%	(Branch, 2016; Severn, 2003; Francy et al., 2012; Ottoson et al., 2006; Pettigrew et al., 2010; De Luca et al., 2013; DeCarolis et al., 2006; Hirani et al., 2012; Marti et al., 2011; Mosqueda-Jimenez et al., 2011; Nishimori et al., 2010; Tam et al., 2007; Trinh et al., 2012; van den Akker et al., 2014; Zanetti et al., 2010)	NA	NA	1	(Severn, 2003)
		Somatic coliphages	3.9	102	67%	(Branch, 2016; Francy et al., 2012; Ottoson et al., 2006; Pettigrew et al., 2010; De Luca et al., 2013; DeCarolis et al., 2006; Marti et al., 2011; Zanetti et al., 2010; DeCarolis and Adham, 2007; Hirani et al., 2006; Zhang and Farahbakhsh, 2007)	NA	NA	1	(Severn, 2003)
MBR	Cryptosporidium spp.	C. perfringens	5	25	100%	(Branch, 2016; Severn, 2003; Marti et al., 2011; van den Akker et al., 2014)	NA	NA	0.65	(Severn, 2003)
MBR	Campylobacter jejuni	Fecal coliforms	6.6	256	90%	(Branch, 2016; Severn, 2003; Francy et al., 2012; DeCarolis et al., 2006; Hirani et al., 2012; Mosqueda-Jimenez et al., 2011; Zanetti et al., 2010; Hirani et al., 2006)	NA	NA	0.65	(Severn, 2003)
Disinfection	Norovirus	Murine Norovirus	3	NA	NA	(Petterson and Stenström, 2015)	Murine Norovirus	9.3	ND	(Petterson and Stenström, 2015)
Disinfection	Rotavirus	MS2 bacteriophage	7	5	20%	(Hirani et al., 2014)	NA	NA	NA	NA
Disinfection	Cryptosporidium spp.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Disinfection	Campylobacter jejuni	Total coliform	4	5	20%	(Hirani et al., 2014)	NA	NA	NA	NA

^aProcess LRV was characterized as normal with a mean based either on pathogen or surrogate observations, or extrapolated using models or data from other hazards. NA indicates not applicable and ND indicates no data is available. Detection rate refers to process effluent.

^bReferences for FRNA bacteriophages listed under the “Mean based on observations”.

^cFor Rotavirus, two surrogates were selected given that both had a large sample size.