Table 2.
Performance metrics and inference time for five-fold cross-validation using 2D CNNs.
| Enhancement | Network | 95% Confidence Interval Results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class | Accuracy | Precision | Sensitivity | F1-Score | Specificity | Inference Time | ||
| Original | ResNet50 | Class 1 | 92.62 ± 06.85 | 81.67 ± 10.13 | 87.50 ± 08.66 | 84.48 ± 09.48 | 94.15 ± 06.15 | 6.247 |
| Class 2 | 88.93 ± 10.25 | 60.98 ± 15.93 | 69.44 ± 15.05 | 64.40 ± 15.64 | 92.31 ± 08.70 | |||
| Class 3 | 90.98 ± 10.61 | 66.67 ± 17.46 | 42.86 ± 18.33 | 52.18 ± 18.50 | 97.22 ± 06.09 | |||
| Class 4 | 86.89 ± 10.88 | 55.56 ± 16.01 | 67.57 ± 15.08 | 60.98 ± 15.72 | 90.34 ± 09.52 | |||
| Class 5 | 93.85 ± 05.05 | 95.00 ± 04.58 | 87.36 ± 06.98 | 91.02 ± 06.01 | 97.45 ± 03.31 | |||
| Overall | 91.46 ± 03.51 | 77.69 ± 05.22 | 76.64 ± 05.31 | 76.66 ± 05.31 | 94.83 ± 02.78 | |||
| AHE | MobileNetv2 | Class 1 | 94.26 ± 6.09 | 88.89 ± 08.23 | 85.71 ± 09.17 | 87.27 ± 08.73 | 96.81 ± 04.60 | 5.412 |
| Class 2 | 91.39 ± 09.16 | 70.27 ± 14.93 | 72.22 ± 14.63 | 71.23 ± 14.79 | 94.71 ± 07.31 | |||
| Class 3 | 88.11 ± 11.99 | 47.06 ± 18.49 | 28.57 ± 16.73 | 35.55 ± 17.73 | 95.83 ± 07.40 | |||
| Class 4 | 84.43 ± 11.68 | 48.94 ± 16.11 | 62.16 ± 15.63 | 54.76 ± 16.04 | 88.41 ± 10.31 | |||
| Class 5 | 94.26 ± 04.89 | 91.01 ± 06.01 | 93.10 ± 05.33 | 92.04 ± 05.69 | 94.90 ± 04.62 | |||
| Overall | 91.64 ± 03.47 | 76.04 ± 05.36 | 76.23 ± 05.34 | 75.74 ± 05.38 | 94.43 ± 02.88 | |||
| Original | ResNet18 | Class 1 | 92.21 ± 07.02 | 83.64 ± 09.69 | 82.14 ± 10.03 | 82.88 ± 09.87 | 95.21 ± 05.59 | 2.536 |
| Class 2 | 88.11 ± 10.57 | 58.14 ± 16.12 | 69.44 ± 15.05 | 63.29 ± 15.75 | 91.35 ± 09.18 | |||
| Class 3 | 90.98 ± 10.61 | 63.64 ± 17.82 | 50.00 ± 18.52 | 56.00 ± 18.39 | 96.30 ± 06.99 | |||
| Class 4 | 86.89 ± 10.88 | 56.10 ± 15.99 | 62.16 ± 15.63 | 58.97 ± 15.85 | 91.30 ± 09.08 | |||
| Class 5 | 92.62 ± 05.49 | 91.57 ± 05.84 | 87.36 ± 06.98 | 89.42 ± 06.46 | 95.54 ± 04.34 | |||
| Overall | 90.80 ± 03.63 | 76.23 ± 05.34 | 75.41 ± 05.40 | 75.61 ± 05.39 | 94.29 ± 02.91 | |||
| Gamma Correction | ResNet18 | Class 1 | 93.03 ± 06.67 | 88.24 ± 08.44 | 80.36 ± 10.41 | 84.12 ± 09.57 | 96.81 ± 04.60 | 3.347 |
| Class 2 | 89.75 ± 09.91 | 63.41 ± 15.73 | 72.22 ± 14.63 | 67.53 ± 15.30 | 92.79 ± 08.45 | |||
| Class 3 | 90.16 ± 11.03 | 59.09 ± 18.21 | 46.43 ± 18.47 | 52.00 ± 18.51 | 95.83 ± 07.40 | |||
| Class 4 | 82.79 ± 12.16 | 44.90 ± 16.03 | 59.46 ± 15.82 | 51.16 ± 16.11 | 86.96 ± 10.85 | |||
| Class 5 | 91.80 ± 05.77 | 91.36 ± 05.90 | 85.06 ± 07.49 | 88.10 ± 06.80 | 95.54 ± 04.34 | |||
| Overall | 90.23 ± 03.73 | 75.77 ± 05.38 | 73.77 ± 05.52 | 74.41 ± 05.48 | 94.16 ± 02.94 | |||
| Gamma Correction | ResNet50 | Class 1 | 92.21 ± 07.02 | 80.33 ± 10.41 | 87.50 ± 08.66 | 83.76 ± 09.66 | 93.62 ± 06.40 | 7.764 |
| Class 2 | 88.93 ± 10.25 | 63.64 ± 15.71 | 58.33 ± 16.11 | 60.87 ± 15.94 | 94.23 ± 07.62 | |||
| Class 3 | 87.30 ± 12.33 | 44.00 ± 18.39 | 39.29 ± 18.09 | 41.51 ± 18.25 | 93.52 ± 09.12 | |||
| Class 4 | 87.70 ± 10.58 | 59.46 ± 15.82 | 59.46 ± 15.82 | 59.46 ± 15.82 | 92.75 ± 08.36 | |||
| Class 5 | 93.03 ± 05.35 | 89.77 ± 06.37 | 90.80 ± 06.07 | 90.28 ± 06.22 | 94.27 ± 04.88 | |||
| Overall | 90.77 ± 03.63 | 73.90 ± 05.51 | 74.59 ± 05.46 | 74.17 ± 05.49 | 93.80 ± 03.03 | |||