Table 1.
Background characteristics of the study participants (N = 25,777)a.
| Variable | Overall (n = 25,777) | 2001–2006 (n = 8388) | 2007–2012 (n = 10536) | 2013–2016 (n = 6853) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SE) | 55.6 (0.1) | 54.8 (0.2) | 55.6 (0.2) | 56.5 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Male | 48.0 (12677/25777) | 48.1 (4228/8388) | 48.0 (5172/10536) | 47.9 (3277/6853) | 0.94 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| NHW | 72.6 (11401/25777) | 76.5 (4389/8388) | 71.9 (4537/10536) | 68.6 (2475/6853) | 0.019 |
| NHB | 10.7 (5738/25777) | 10.4 (1828/8388) | 10.9 (2422/10536) | 10.9 (1488/6853) | |
| Other | 16.7 (8638/25777) | 13.1 (2171/8388) | 17.1 (3577/10536) | 20.5 (2890/6853) | |
| Family income-to-poverty ratio | |||||
| Low | 20.3 (7792/25538) | 18.3 (2237/7848) | 21.4 (3387/9498) | 21.4 (2168/6192) | 0.30 |
| Middle | 31.9 (7884/25538) | 33.1 (2747/7848) | 31.1 (3061/9498) | 31.6 (2076/6192) | |
| High | 47.7 (7862/25538) | 48.6 (2864/7848) | 47.5 (3050/9498) | 47.0 (1948/6192) | |
| College education | 29.2 (5573/25737) | 26.4 (1664/8366) | 29.2 (2218/10522) | 32.8 (1691/6849) | 0.008 |
| High CVD risk | 8.9 (2988/22622) | 9.0 (1050/7279) | 8.5 (1193/9249) | 9.4 (745/6094) | 0.033 |
| Metabolic synd. | 43.5 (4995/10800) | 41.6 (1570/3465) | 43.6 (2077/4451) | 45.7 (1348/2884) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | 59.4 (15856/24511) | 60.5 (5182/7842) | 58.6 (6471/10082) | 59.2 (4203/6587) | 0.33 |
| High cholesterol | 51.5 (12803/24357) | 48.2 (3885/7862) | 51.8 (5287/9959) | 55.3 (3631/6536) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 10.9 (3896/25207) | 8.9 (1072/8226) | 11.3 (1668/10320) | 12.8 (1156/6661) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 38.5 (9696/24361) | 36.1 (2862/7740) | 38.2 (4079/10066) | 42.1 (2755/6555) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 16.0 (4935/24611) | 16.1 (1615/7903) | 15.1 (2017/10119) | 17.2 (1303/6589) | 0.064 |
| No aerobic LTPA | 50.8 (10019/17366) | – | 51.8 (6249/10523) | 49.5 (3770/6843) | 0.30 |
| Smoker | 20.2 (5360/25750) | 22.2 (1855/8374) | 19.5 (2149/10526) | 18.8 (1356/6850) | 0.009 |
| Metabolic syndrome conditions | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 62.3 (14710/23516) | 60.0 (4654/7603) | 62.3 (6079/9650) | 65.4 (3977/6263) | 0.004 |
| High triglyceride | 41.2 (10148/23978) | 38.2 (3045/7732) | 43.0 (4317/9805) | 42.5 (2786/6441) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL | 29.5 (7222/23488) | 28.4 (2170/7588) | 30.8 (3059/9575) | 29.2 (1993/6325) | 0.088 |
| Raised BP | 49.5 (13676/24493) | 49.4 (4419/7834) | 48.8 (5613/10076) | 50.6 (3644/6583) | 0.43 |
| Raised glucose | 56.3 (7005/11616) | 49.3 (1999/3717) | 59.1 (3026/4796) | 61.0 (1980/3103) | <0.001 |
BP blood pressure, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease risk, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LTPA leisure-time physical activity, NHB non-Hispanic black, NHW non-Hispanic white, SE standard error.
Number and column percentage unless otherwise specified. Numbers may not add up to total because of missing values.
Races/ethnicities other than non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks as ‘other races/ethnicities’ (i.e., Mexican–Americans, Asians, and other Hispanics, including multiraces).
The family income-to-poverty ratio is the ratio of a family’s income and poverty threshold based on the number of family members. The population was stratified into three equal-sized groups: low-, middle-, and high income.
High CVD risk was defined as a ≥ 20% 10-year CVD risk among people without CVD events history (i.e., no history of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure), using the pooled cohort risk equations.
Metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three of the following five conditions: abdominal obesity (i.e., ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women); high serum triglycerides (i.e., ≥150 mg/dL); low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (i.e., <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women); raised systolic/diastolic blood pressure (i.e., ≥135/85 mmHg); and raised fasting glucose level (i.e., ≥100 mg/dL). Then, people who were taking any drug to control blood lipids, blood pressure, and blood glucose were considered to have high triglyceride/low HDL, raised blood pressure, and raised blood glucose, respectively.
Hypertension was defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg or taking a blood pressure-lowering drug.
Diabetes was defined as the glycohemoglobin ≥6.5%, previous diagnosis of diabetes, or if the person was on antidiabetic drugs.
Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2.
The chronic kidney was considered as albumin–creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g or glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2.
Minutes spent performing vigorous physical activity (PA) were multiplied by 2 and added to moderate PA to obtain the LTPA. A person was considered as no LTPA or physically inactive if the LTPA was “0” min/week. The LTPA data were available for 2007–2016 survey years.