Table 1.
Primary mediators from site of nerve injury.
| Primary mediator | Generated and/or released by injured peripheral tissue | Mimicking neuropathic pain in vivo | Alleviation of neuropathic pain in knockouts or by antagonists etc. in vivo | Demonstrated effect on dorsal root ganglion neurons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | (48–54) | (55, 56) | (48, 57–60) | (61–65) |
| IL-15 | (66) | (67)* | ||
| IL-17 | (68, 69) | (21, 70) | (21, 71, 72) | (21) |
| IL-18 | (73) | |||
| LIF | (74, 75) | (75) | (76–78)† (79)†† |
|
| TNF-α or β | (48, 50, 51, 54, 80–82) | (48, 54, 55, 80, 83) | (48, 52, 83–87) | (83, 88–92) |
| Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids | (54, 93, 94)** (95)*** | (96) (95)*** |
(94) | (97, 98) (95)*** |
| NGF | (99) | (100, 101) | (99, 100, 102, 103) | (101, 104) |
| Substance P | (105, 106) | (107) | (108, 109) | (110–112) |
| MCP-1/CCL2 | (49, 52, 113–116) | (116) | (52, 116, 117) | (116, 118, 119) |
| CXCL-1 | (120, 121) | (122–124) | ||
| CXCL-4 | (125) | (123, 125, 126) | (125) | |
| Histamine | (127) | (128) | (128–130) | (128, 130) |
| Wnt3a | (131–134) | (133) | (131, 133) | (131, 133) |
| Wnt5a | (135) |
Released from Site of injury and affect primary afferent neurons.
*
Implied from observations on osteoarthritis patients.
**
Measured increased cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX 2) levels.
***
This work addresses the actions of the novel eicosanoid 5,6 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6 EET).
†
These 3 papers show LIF promotes sprouting of perivascular sympathetic axons in DRG.
††
This paper demonstrated a direct action of LIF on DRG neurons.