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. 2022 Mar 7;4:838466. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2022.838466

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Copyright © 2022 Rajagopal, Baltazar, Carmichael, Dent, Head, Li, Muller, Reynolds, Sadh, Simpson, Spriggs, White and Kukic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bioactivity Exposure Ratio of Caffeine for the oral (A) and dermal (B) exposure scenarios, comparing the IPP, CSP and Httr PoDs with maternal and foetal C_max values.