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The immune response to TBI is biphasic. Cytokine and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression profiled at 2 h (A), 4 h (B), and 24 h (C) after injury or sham surgery in male CD-1 mice. (D) mRNA expression of STING in the ipsilateral cortex 2, 4, and 24 h after injury or sham surgery. Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. n = 5–7 per group. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. N.S. = not significant.
