Fig. 5: Galectin-1 plays a detrimental role during LPS septic shock.

a, Galectin-1 levels in the serum of humans (healthy volunteers (n = 8), patients without sepsis in the ICU (n = 10) or patients with sepsis in the ICU (n = 25)). b,c, IL-1β release (b), LDH release and PI uptake (c) in Pam3CSK4-primed WT and Lgals1^−/− BMDMs stimulated with EHEC (MOI = 50) or poly(dA:dT) for 16 h or 10 μM nigericin for 1 h. d, Immunoblot of GSDMD in the lysates of WT and Lgals1^−/− BMDMs stimulated as in b,c. e, Survival of WT, Lgals1^−/−, Casp11^−/− and Gsdmd^−/− mice (n = 9) injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg kg⁻¹ LPS. f, Plasma levels of ALT and LDH in WT and Lgals1^−/− mice injected intraperitoneally with PBS (n = 4) or 5 mg kg⁻¹ LPS (n = 8) for 18 h. g, Survival of WT mice injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg kg⁻¹ LPS followed by intraperitoneal injection of 250 μg of anti-galectin-1 antibody or an isotype control antibody (n = 10). h, Survival of WT mice (n = 22) and Lgals1^−/− mice (n = 22) injected intraperitoneally with 3–5 mg kg⁻¹ LPS followed by PBS or 100 μg of recombinant galectin-1 (n = 10) 1 h later. i, Survival of Casp11^−/− mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS (20 mg kg⁻¹) followed by intraperitoneal injection of PBS (n = 9) or 100 μg of recombinant galectin-1 (n = 9) 1 h later. The combined data from three (b,c) or two (e–i) independent experiments are shown. a, Each circle represents a human patient or healthy volunteer as indicated, and the horizontal lines represent the mean. b,c, Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. f, Each circle represents a mouse and the horizontal lines represent the mean. d, Immunoblots are representative of two independent experiments. *P < 0.05; one-way (a) or two-way ANOVA (b,c) followed by Šidák’s post-test, unpaired two-tailed t-test (f) or Mantel–Cox test (e,g–i). e, *P < 0.05 for WT versus each genotype.