FIGURE 2.

Presurgical factors associated with lesion location. Surface‐based maps show distribution of demographic variables according to lesion location. The color at each vertex represents the average variable value for patients with overlapping lesions. Vertices where the presence of a focal lesion was significantly associated with that variable are delineated in red. Factors significantly (p < .01) associated with lesion location were (Ai) age at epilepsy onset, (Bi) duration of epilepsy, and (Bii) lesion size. (Aiii) Correlation between the sensorimotor‐association axis of cortical organization (Aii) and the age at epilepsy onset (Ai) maps in comparison to spatially permuted maps. Lesions in primary areas were associated with a younger age at onset, whereas association areas had older ages of onset (r_rank  = 0.39, p_spin  < .01). (Biii) Correlation between the duration of epilepsy (Bi) and lesion size (Bii) maps in comparison to spatially permuted maps. Mean duration was significantly negatively correlated with the size of epilepsy lesion, where cortical areas with smaller lesions, for example, precentral and frontal areas, were associated with a longer duration of epilepsy, whereas areas with larger lesions, for example, occipital cortex, had shorter durations of epilepsy (r_rank  = −0.42, p_spin  < .05)