Effect of PF on perceived dissimilarity after removing the influence of perceived frequency. a, b, A univariate regression predicting quality dissimilarity (ΔQual) based on perceived frequency (ΔPerF) was performed for low-frequency (a) and high-frequency (b) stimuli. Perceived dissimilarity is plotted versus the prediction from the regression. c, d, Residuals of the regression (shown in a and b) versus (z-scored) ΔPF. Solid black lines denote the regression of the residuals on to ΔPF. c, At low frequencies, the influence of ΔPF on dissimilarity was not significant after accounting for perceived frequency (p = 0.8). d, At high frequencies, ΔPF significantly impacted dissimilarity, even after accounting for perceived frequency (p = 0.001), but the effect was modest.