Table 1.
miRNA effect on the synthesis of secondary metabolites.
| Botanical name | Common name | Family | miRNA | Target | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helianthus annuus L. | Sunflower | Asteraceae | miR2911 | Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase | Tocopherol biosynthesis | [46] |
| Salvia sclarea L. | Clary | Lamiaceae | miR828a, miR948a | MYB12 lipoxygenase | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [47] |
| Curcuma longa L. | Turmeric | Zingiberaceae | miR2919 | Flavanone synthase | [48] | |
| miR1168.2, miR156b | Curcumin biosynthesis | |||||
| miR1858 | ||||||
| Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | Sweet potato | Convolvulaceae | ib-miR156 | ibSPL | Anthocyanin biosynthesis | [49] |
| Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. | Kiwifruit | Actinidiaceae | miR858 | AaF3H, AaLDOX | [50] | |
| AaF3GT | ||||||
| Diospyros kaki L. f. | Kaki | Ebenaceae | miR395p-3p | bHLH, MYB | Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis | [51] |
| miR858b | ||||||
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Japanese honeysuckle | Caprifoliaceae | miRNAs (U436803, U977315, U805963, U3938865, 4351355) | R2R3-MYB transcription factors | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [2, 3] |
| Halostachys caspica C.A.Mey. | Bail | Amaranthaceae | miR6194 | Flavanone 3-hydroxylase | Flavonol, anthocyanidin, and proanthocyanidin syntheses | [52] |
| miR5655 | ||||||
| Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. | Thale cress | Brassicaceae | miR156∗ | SPL9 | Anthocyanin biosynthesis | [53] |
| miR858a∗ | R2R3-MYB transcription factors | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [54] | |||
| miR156 | SPL transcription factor, transcription factors | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [53, 54] | |||
| miRNA858a | ||||||
| R2R3-MYB | ||||||
| Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz | Indian snakeroot | Apocynaceae | miR396b | Kaempferol 3-O-beta-dgalactosyltransferase | Flavonol glycoside | [55] |
| miR828a | Anthocyanin regulatory C1 protein | Anthocyanin biosynthesis | ||||
| Podophyllum hexandrum Royle | May apple | Berberidaceae | miR1438 | Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyl transferase | Lignin biosynthesis | [56] |
| miR1873 | Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase C | Flavonoid biosynthesis | ||||
| miR1873 | Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) | Gingerol (phenolic) biosynthesis | [57] | |||
| miR5532 | 2-Hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase | Isoflavonoid biosynthesis | [56] | |||
| miR1873/miR5532 | Dihydroflavonol | Flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis | ||||
| 4-Reductase C/-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase | ||||||
| miR172i | 4-Coumarate–CoA ligase | Flavonoid biosynthesis | ||||
| miR829.1 | Chalcone synthase | |||||
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Soybean | Fabaceae | CHS-siRNA | Chalcone synthase | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [58, 59] |
| Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder | Pear tree | Rosaceae | miR1061-3p | Naringenin 3-dioxygenase | Flavonoid biosynthesis | [60] |
| Helianthus annuus L. | Sunflower | Asteraceae | miR2911 | γ-Tocopherol methyl transferase | α-Tocopherol biosynthesis | [46] |
| miRNAs (U4992168, U2743257) | Isoflavone 20-hydroxylase; dihydroflavonol 4-reductase | Flavones biosynthesis | [2] | |||
| Raphanus sativus L. | Radish | Brassicaceae | miR156 | MYBs, bHLH, WD40, SPLs, ARF, EIN3, WRKY, MADS-box, sucrose synthase, sugar/inositol transporter ABC transporter | Anthocyanin biosynthesis | [61] |
| miR828 | ||||||
| miR858 | ||||||
| Vitis vinifera L. | Grape | Vitaceae | miR828 | MYB114, flavonoid | Flavonol biosynthesis | [62] |
| miR858 | 3′-Monooxygenase (F3MO) | |||||
| Osmanthus fragrans Lour. | Sweet osmanthus | Oleaceae | miR858, miR858a | MYB1- > CHI, CHS, FLS | Flavonoid synthesis | [63] |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Tea | Theaceae | csn-miR160a | Auxin response factor 18 | Catechin biosynthesis | [64] |
| csn-miR396a | Growth-regulating factor 7, calcium-transporting ATPase 13, DNA-directed RNA polymerase V subunit | |||||
| csn-miR167a | Auxin response factor 6 ARF6, CHI enzyme | |||||
| csn-miR4380a | DFR | |||||
| csn-miR3444b | ||||||
| csn-miR5251 | C4H | |||||
| csn-miR7777-5P.1 | ||||||
| miR2593e | ANR | |||||
| miR166, miR169 | HD-ZIP, NF-YA, GATA | Phytohormone biosynthesis (gallated catechin, caffeine, theanine) | [65] | |||
| miR398 | ||||||
| Mentha spp. | Mint | Lamiaceae | miR156 | Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) | Flavone/flavonol biosynthesis | [66] |
| Halostachys caspica C.A.Mey. | Yan Sui Mu | Berberidaceae | miR6194 | Flavanone 3b-hydroxylase (F3H) | Flavonols, anthocyanidins | [52] |
| Biosynthesis |