Table 3.
Perceived COVID-19 symptoms by the hospitalized patients.
| Variables | n (%) | Depression OR (95% CI) | Anxiety OR (95% CI) | Insomnia OR (95% CI) | Stress OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | Yes | 325 (65%) | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 1.54 (0.96–2.48) | 1.59∗ (1.10–2.31) |
| No | 178 (35%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Cough | Yes | 299 (59%) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 0.75 (0.49–1.16) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) |
| No | 204 (41%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Sore throat | Yes | 174 (35%) | 1.38 (0.95–1.99) | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) | 0.53∗ (0.32–0.87) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) |
| No | 329 (65%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Fatigue | Yes | 202 (40%) | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 0.73 (0.50–1.09) | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | 1.57∗ (1.10–2.25) |
| No | 301 (60%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Respiratory distress | Yes | 225 (45%) | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) | 1.08 (0.70–1.66) | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) |
| No | 278 (55%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Loss of taste/smell | Yes | 154 (31%) | 0.54∗∗ (0.36–0.81) | 0.79 (0.52–1.21) | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | 1.57∗ (1.08–2.30) |
| No | 349 (69%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Muscle pain | Yes | 162 (32%) | 0.83 (0.57–1.22) | 0.98 (0.65–1.46) | 0.97 (0.61–1.55) | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) |
| No | 341 (68%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Chest pain | Yes | 121 (24%) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 1.28 (0.83–1.98) | 1.64∗ (1.02–2.64) | 1.27 (0.84–1.91) |
| No | 382 (76%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Diarrhoea | Yes | 87 (17%) | 1.00 (0.63–1.60) | 1.32 (0.81–2.15) | 1.98∗ (1.18–3.32) | 1.51 (0.95–2.40) |
| No | 416 (83%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Headache | Yes | 116 (23%) | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 0.48∗∗ (0.29–0.80) | 1.14 (0.69–1.89) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) |
| No | 387 (77%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Blurring of vision | Yes | 37 (7%) | 1.03 (0.53–2.03) | 2.59∗∗ (1.32–5.08) | 3.70∗∗∗ (1.86–7.36) | 2.91∗ (1.40–6.02) |
| No | 466 (93%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Decreased mobility | Yes | 141 (28%) | 1.22 (0.83–1.81) | 2.74∗∗∗ (1.82–4.12) | 1.40 (0.88–2.23) | 1.38 (0.93–2.04) |
| No | 362 (72%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Others (nausea, vomiting, back pain etc.) | Yes | 30 (6%) | 0.56 (0.25–1.25) | 1.14 (0.52–2.50) | 2.76∗∗ (1.29–5.93) | 1.33 (0.63–2.78) |
| No | 473 (94%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| No symptoms | Yes | 85 (17%) | 1.32 (0.83–2.11) | 1.00 (0.60–1.66) | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 0.60∗ (0.37–0.98) |
| No | 418 (83%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Average time of seeking doctor's help after getting infected | 3.55 ± 2.0 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.85∗∗ (0.75–0.95) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | |
∗ p-value<0.05, ∗∗ p-value<0.01, ∗∗∗ p-value<0.001.
OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval.