Table 5.
Association between the variables and COVID-19 mental health impact among the study participants in multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variable | Depression |
Anxiety |
Insomnia |
Stress |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
| Age | 1.02 (0.992–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | |
| Sex | Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Male | 1.04 (0.58–1.86) | 0.53 (0.27–1.05) | 0.90 (0.44–1.85) | 1.09 (0.58–2.05) | |
| Education | Illiterate | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary to higher secondary | 1.17 (0.53–2.56) | 0.42∗ (0.18–0.98) | 0.29∗ (0.11–0.73) | 0.94 (0.41–2.16) | |
| Graduation or more | 0.86 (0.36–2.07) | 0.25∗∗ (0.09–0.66) | 0.18∗ (0.06–0.51) | 0.94 (0.37–2.41) | |
| Marital Status | Unmarried | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Married | 1.57 (0.60–4.10) | 0.84 (0.27–2.57) | 1.14 (0.29–4.42) | 2.01 (0.71–5.69) | |
| Separated/Widowed | 2.23 (0.57–8.72) | 1.20 (0.26–5.49) | 1.20 (0.21–6.94) | 2.88 (0.67–12.34) | |
| Occupation | Student | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Job holder | 1.20 (0.43–3.32) | 1.64 (0.43–6.27) | 5.47 (0.88–34.00) | 0.44 (0.16–1.27) | |
| Business | 0.76 (0.25–2.31) | 7.68∗∗ (1.79–32.97) | 4.32 (0.63–29.82) | 0.55 (0.17–1.72) | |
| Housewife | 0.85 (0.28–2.62) | 0.32 (0.08–1.31) | 1.56 (0.23–10.66) | 0.24 (0.07–0.79) | |
| In retirement | 0.93 (0.28–3.13) | 0.96 (0.21–4.40) | 3.19 (0.43–23.61) | 0.21 (0.06–0.74) | |
| Others (politicians, social workers etc.) | 2.36 (0.67–8.33) | 7.45∗ (1.62–34.36) | 3.42 (0.48–24.47) | 5.35 (0.91–31.31) | |
| Average number of family member | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | |
| Average number of under five children in the family | 1.10 (0.84–1.46) | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 1.10 (0.82–1.47) | |
| Family member got infected by COVID-19 | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.60–1.47) | 0.80 (0.47–1.38) | 2.75∗∗ (1.53–4.93) | 0.76 (0.47–1.24) | |
| Exposed to any known COVID-19 patients before getting infected | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.77 (0.47–1.27) | 0.91 (0.52–1.59) | 0.57∗ (0.36–0.90) | |
| Comorbidities | None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| At least one | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) | 1.27 (0.64–2.51) | 1.05 (0.63–1.77) | |
| Two or more | 1.09 (0.62–1.90) | 1.34 (0.70–2.60) | 3.46∗∗ (1.69–7.07) | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) | |
| Personal habit (smoking) | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.53–1.85) | 0.25∗ (0.10–0.60) | 0.36 (0.12–1.03) | 0.82 (0.43–1.59) | |
| Living during COVID-19 period | Alone | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| With family | 1.68 (0.58–4.91) | 0.91 (0.24–3.39) | 1.89 (0.21–16.75) | 0.90 (0.31–2.60) | |
| Neighbors/acquaintance got infected by COVID-19 | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.72∗ (1.05–2.81) | 2.80∗∗ (1.51–5.20) | 1.33 (0.69–2.57) | 1.22 (0.73–2.03) | |
| Family members/relatives died by COVID-19 | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.72 (0.46–1.13) | 0.93 (0.56–1.57) | 0.65 (0.36–1.17) | 0.85 (0.53–1.37) | |
| Currently under stress | No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.22 (0.83–1.80) | 2.99∗∗∗ (1.89–4.75) | 2.86∗∗∗ (1.70–4.80) | 3.05∗∗∗ (2.03–4.58) | |
| Use of social media during COVID situation | Same as before | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Using a bit more than before | 0.71 (0.41–1.24) | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 1.08 (0.52–2.23) | 0.62 (0.34–1.10) | |
| Using much more than before | 0.99 (0.46–2.13) | 1.80 (0.74–4.36) | 2.25 (0.83–6.10) | 1.72 (0.76–3.88) | |
| Do not use any social media | 0.85 (0.49–1.49) | 0.87 (0.45–1.70) | 0.67 (0.32–1.40) | 1.80 (0.99–3.25) | |
| Number of times you leave domicile each day | None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| One or more than one times/day | 0.54∗ (0.32–0.92) | 0.33∗∗ (0.18–0.62) | 0.50∗ (0.26–0.95) | 0.43∗ (0.24–0.77) | |
∗ p-value<0.05 , ∗∗ p-value<0.01, ∗∗∗ p-value<0.001.
AOR = Adjusted odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval.