Table 2.
Sociodemographic and perinatal characteristics of births by insurance type, California, 2007–2012
| Characteristic | Medical | Private | Uninsured | Othera | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,462,463) | (n = 1,431,956) | (n = 64,507) | (n = 100,149) | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age | ||||||||
| < 18 | 65,973 | 4.5 | 15,583 | 1.1 | 2336 | 3.6 | 2865 | 2.9 |
| 18–25 | 671,424 | 45.9 | 253,134 | 17.7 | 18,257 | 28.3 | 36,148 | 36.1 |
| 26–35 | 560,762 | 38.3 | 799,134 | 55.8 | 31,568 | 48.9 | 45,873 | 45.8 |
| > 35 | 164,250 | 11.2 | 364,015 | 25.4 | 12,336 | 19.1 | 15,252 | 15.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 190,618 | 13.0 | 579,269 | 40.5 | 8607 | 13.3 | 30,690 | 30.6 |
| Hispanic | 985,156 | 67.4 | 420,775 | 29.4 | 32,857 | 50.9 | 39,322 | 39.3 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 93,543 | 6.4 | 58,687 | 4.1 | 2658 | 4.1 | 10,792 | 10.8 |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 82,926 | 5.7 | 266,518 | 18.6 | 17,330 | 26.9 | 11,852 | 11.8 |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 110,220 | 7.5 | 106,707 | 7.5 | 3055 | 4.7 | 7493 | 7.5 |
| Education | ||||||||
| < 12 years | 609,873 | 43.4 | 83,068 | 6 | 14,419 | 23.8 | 15,943 | 16.4 |
| 12 years | 468,283 | 33.3 | 264,557 | 19.2 | 13,705 | 22.6 | 30,490 | 31.4 |
| > 12 years | 328,700 | 23.4 | 1,032,843 | 74.8 | 32,568 | 53.7 | 50,562 | 52.1 |
| Urban/rural statusb | ||||||||
| 1 (most urban) | 874,356 | 59.9 | 934,009 | 65.5 | 42,787 | 73.9 | 66,519 | 66.9 |
| 2 | 150,251 | 10.3 | 207,198 | 14.5 | 4875 | 8.4 | 10,113 | 10.2 |
| 3 | 333,390 | 22.9 | 220,665 | 15.5 | 6082 | 10.5 | 19,399 | 19.5 |
| 4 | 71,031 | 4.9 | 46,845 | 3.3 | 3465 | 6.0 | 2646 | 2.7 |
| 5 | 21,467 | 1.5 | 12,942 | 0.9 | 512 | 0.9 | 557 | 0.6 |
| 6 (most rural) | 8311 | 0.6 | 5356 | 0.4 | 186 | 0.3 | 221 | 0.2 |
| Perinatal factors | ||||||||
| Prenatal factors | ||||||||
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||||
| < 18.5 | 74,820 | 5.5 | 64,321 | 4.8 | 4574 | 8.5 | 4661 | 4.9 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 577,474 | 42.8 | 741,382 | 54.8 | 29,650 | 55.1 | 47,716 | 50.1 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 375,164 | 27.8 | 314,887 | 23.3 | 12,156 | 22.6 | 23,782 | 25.0 |
| ≥ 30 | 322,330 | 23.9 | 232,738 | 17.2 | 7459 | 13.9 | 19,136 | 20.1 |
| Prenatal care | ||||||||
| Inadequate | 368,351 | 25.8 | 159,200 | 11.3 | 19,789 | 32.1 | 17,342 | 17.7 |
| Intermediate | 130,321 | 9.1 | 158,831 | 11.3 | 6362 | 10.3 | 8147 | 8.3 |
| Adequate/adequate plus | 930,921 | 65.1 | 1,090,559 | 77.4 | 35,404 | 57.5 | 72,441 | 74 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 97,167 | 6.6 | 32,985 | 2.3 | 3223 | 5.0 | 5282 | 8.2 |
| No | 1,365,296 | 93.4 | 1,398,971 | 97.7 | 61,284 | 95.0 | 94,867 | 147.1 |
| Pregnancy factors | ||||||||
| Parity and mode of birth | ||||||||
| Primiparous vaginal | 364,947 | 25.0 | 410,145 | 28.7 | 20,997 | 31.5 | 21,794 | 23.0 |
| Multiparous vaginal | 621,452 | 42.5 | 536,124 | 37.5 | 24,604 | 37 | 38,987 | 41.2 |
| Primiparous primary cesarean | 151,392 | 10.4 | 206,884 | 14.5 | 8289 | 12.5 | 12,210 | 12.9 |
| Multiparous primary cesarean | 90,416 | 6.2 | 84,814 | 5.9 | 3444 | 5.2 | 6356 | 6.7 |
| Repeat cesarean | 233,835 | 16 | 192,926 | 13.5 | 9220 | 13.9 | 15,221 | 16.1 |
| Pregnancy type | ||||||||
| Singleton | 1,430,425 | 97.8 | 1,373,532 | 95.9 | 62,789 | 97.3 | 97,034 | 96.9 |
| Multiple gestation | 32,038 | 2.2 | 58,424 | 4.1 | 1718 | 2.7 | 3115 | 3.1 |
| Obstetric co-morbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No HTN | 1,354,596 | 99 | 1,319,204 | 98.6 | 61,002 | 99.5 | 92,494 | 98.7 |
| Preexisting HTN without preeclampsia | 13,440 | 1 | 18,356 | 1.4 | 333 | 0.5 | 1216 | 1.3 |
| Preexisting HTN with preeclampsia | 6992 | 0.5 | 7506 | 0.6 | 195 | 0.3 | 559 | 0.6 |
| Gestational HTN without preeclampsia | 31,293 | 2.3 | 32,960 | 2.5 | 1096 | 1.8 | 2403 | 2.6 |
| Gestational HTN with preeclampsia | 47,448 | 3.5 | 46,050 | 3.4 | 1607 | 2.6 | 2729 | 2.9 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No diabetes | 1,329,739 | 90.9 | 1,288,453 | 90 | 60,881 | 94.4 | 92,519 | 92.4 |
| Preexisting diabetes | 13,801 | 0.9 | 10,378 | 0.7 | 260 | 0.4 | 831 | 1.3 |
| Gestational diabetes | 118,923 | 8.1 | 133,125 | 9.3 | 3366 | 5.2 | 6799 | 10.5 |
BMI body mass index, HTN hypertension
aOther insurance includes: Indian Health Service, CHAMPUS or TRICARE, other local, state, or federal insurance, or charity
bFederal Information Processing Standard categories