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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Mater. 2022 Jan 27;34(10):e2106787. doi: 10.1002/adma.202106787

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Timeline outlining the evolution of mechanically compliant substrates in bioelectronics towards softer devices designed to maximize biological integration. Substrate materials are roughly classified into four categories – A. Flexible, B. Stretchable, C. Ultracompliant, and D. Structurally Adaptive. Key advances from each category have been presented on the timeline and select examples have been featured through the following pictures: A1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Reproduced with permission.[117] Copyright 1974, Springer Nature. A2. Parylene C. Reproduced with permission.[118] Copyright 2003, IEEE. A3. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs). Reproduced with permission.[119] Copyright 2009, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. A5. SU-8 epoxy. Reproduced with permission.[120] Copyright 2009, Elsevier. B1. Stretchable Si on PDMS. Reproduced with permission.[121] Copyright 2006, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. B2. Organic transistors on styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). Reproduced with permission.[122] Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. B3. Muti-modal PDMS electronic dura mater. Reproduced with permission.[123] Copyright 2015, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. C1. Silver nanowires on polyacrylamide. Reproduced with permission.[124] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. C2. Printed silver flakes on gelatin methacrylate (GelMa). Reproduced with permission.[125] Copyright 2017, Elsevier. C3. Transfer printed polyethylene glycol-dopamine (PEGDA). Reproduced with permission.[126] Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. D2. Ultrathin 1 μm polyethylene napthalate (PEN). Reproduced with permission.[127] Copyright 2014, IEEE. D3. Syringe injectable SU-8. Reproduced with permission.[128] Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. D4. Morphing electronics on a liquid crystal elastomer. Reproduced with permission.[129] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. D5. Transient devices on gelatin biogels. Reproduced with permission.[130] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.