Table 1.
Selected characteristics of 200 adolescent participants with endothelial function measurement, overall and categorized by lifetime well As level.
| Overall | Always blue (<10 μg/L) or blue and green (10–50 μg/L) (N=28) | Always green (10–50 μg/L) or ever red (>50 μg/L) (N=93) | Always red (>50 μg/L) (N=79) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Characteristics | Mean (SD) or N (%) | ||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 106 (53.0) | 10 (35.7) | 51 (54.8) | 45 (57.0) | 0.14 |
| Female | 94 (47.0) | 18 (64.3) | 42 (45.2) | 34 (43.0) | |
| Age, years | 17.4 (0.9) | 17.6 (1.0) | 17.4 (0.9) | 17.4 (0.9) | 0.56 |
| Height, cm | 159.0 (9.5) | 156.8 (8.3) | 159.2 (9.5) | 159.4 (9.8) | 0.84 |
| Weight, kg | 50.3 (9.0) | 50.8 (10.2) | 50.1 (8.6) | 50.2 (9.2) | 0.94 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.6 (3.6) | 21.6 (4.6) | 20.5 (3.5) | 20.4 (3.3) | 0.29 |
| Attending School | |||||
| Yes | 141 (70.5) | 23 (82.1) | 68 (73.1) | 50 (63.3) | 0.13 |
| No | 59 (29.5) | 5 (17.9) | 25 (26.9) | 29 (36.7) | |
| Education level | |||||
| No education | 7 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.3) | 3 (3.8) | 0.16 |
| Primary (up to 5th grade) | 25 (12.5) | 4 (14.3) | 6 (6.5) | 15 (19.0) | |
| Secondary (6–10th grade) | 91 (45.5) | 10 (35.7) | 46 (49.5) | 35 (44.3) | |
| Higher secondary (11–12th grade) | 74 (37.0) | 13 (46.4) | 35 (37.6) | 26 (32.9) | |
| Graduate (>12th grade) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Current Smoker | |||||
| Yes | 4 (2.0) | 1 (3.6) | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.25 |
| No | 196 (98.0) | 27 (96.4) | 90 (96.8) | 79 (100.0) | |
| Smoker in household | |||||
| Yes | 101 (50.5) | 10 (35.7) | 54 (58.1) | 37 (46.8) | 0.08 |
| No | 99 (49.5) | 18 (64.3) | 39 (41.9) | 42 (53.2) | |
| Maternal Education, yearsa | 4.2 (3.9) | 5.6 (3.6) | 4.2 (4.1) | 3.7 (3.8) | 0.09 |
| Maternal Land Ownershipa | |||||
| Yes | 119 (59.8) | 21 (75.0) | 53 (57.0) | 45 (57.7) | 0.21 |
| No | 80 (40.2) | 7 (25.0) | 40 (43.0) | 33 (42.3) | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 111.1 (11.5); range 86.5–146.5 | 114.8 (11.6); range: 91.5–146.5 | 111.4 (11.4); range: 86.5–142.5 | 109.4 (11.4) range: 87.0–138.5 | 0.10 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 68.2 (7.0); range 50.0–86.0 | 70.1 (6.4) range: 59.0–84.0 | 68.1 (7.3); range: 50.0–86.0 | 67.5 (6.8); range: 53.0–82.5 | 0.24 |
| Exposure Variables | |||||
| Current Well As Concentration | |||||
| <10 μg/L | 30 (15.0) | 17 | 13 | 0 | -- |
| 10–50 μg/L | 61 (30.5) | 5 | 56 | 0 | |
| >50 μg/L | 73 (36.5) | 0 | 10 | 63 | |
| Unknown | 36 (18.0) | 6 | 14 | 16 | |
| EndoPAT variables | |||||
| RHI | 1.52 (0.43); range 0.78–3.28 | 1.63 (0.47); range: 1.05–3.22 | 1.51 (0.39); range: 0.78–2.68 | 1.48 (0.46) range: 0.79–3.28 | 0.28 |
| lnRHI | 0.38 (0.25); range: −0.25–1.19 | 0.45 (0.26); range: 0.05–1.17 | 0.38 (0.24); range: −0.25– 0.99 | 0.35 (0.27); range: −0.24– 1.19 | 0.21 |
a
N=199 for maternal land ownership and maternal educational length variables due to missing information for one participant.