Table 2.
Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models of poor academic performance on first language.
| Independent variables | Model 0 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Psychiatric symptoms | ||||
| Withdrawn | 1.16 (1.13–1.18)* | 1.12 (1.10–1.14)* | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Somatic complaints | 1.14 (1.11–1.18)* | 1.11 (1.08–1.15)* | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
| Anxious/depressed | 1.08 (1.07–1.09)* | 1.06 (1.05–1.08)* | 0.94 (0.92–0.95)* | 0.93 (0.91–0.95)* |
| Social problems | 1.26 (1.23–1.29)* | 1.22 (1.19–1.25)* | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
| Thought problems | 1.37 (1.30–1.44)* | 1.29 (1.22–1.35)* | 0.84 (0.78–0.89)* | 0.82 (0.77–0.89)* |
| Attention problems | 1.25 (1.23–1.27)* | 1.23 (1.21–1.24)* | 1.28 (1.25–1.31)* | 1.26 (1.23–1.29)* |
| Delinquent behavior | 1.31 (1.28–1.35)* | 1.25 (1.22–1.29)* | 1.09 (1.05–1.13)* | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) |
| Aggressive behavior | 1.09 (1.08–1.10)* | 1.08 (1.07–1.09)* | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Gender (ref. Boys) | 0.55 (0.50–0.60)* | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)* | 0.67 (0.60–0.76)* | |
| Age | 1.12 (1.09–1.14)* | 1.10 (1.08–1.13)* | 1.07 (1.03–1.10)* | |
| Type of school (ref. Public) | 0.68 (0.41–1.15) | 1.09 (0.71–1.66) | 1.17 (0.78–1.75) | |
| Socioeconomic status | 0.96 (0.95–0.96)* | 0.96 (0.96–0.97)* | 0.96 (0.96–0.97)* | |
| Ethnicity (ref. Native) | 1.67 (1.47–1.90)* | 1.35 (1.18–1.54)* | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | |
| Stressful life events | ||||
| Adoption (ref. No) | 2.61 (1.86–3.66)* | 1.92 (1.25–2.96) | ||
| Parental divorce/separation (ref. No) | 1.96 (1.74–2.22)* | 1.36 (1.17–1.58)* | ||
| Grade retention (ref. No) | 9.47 (7.32–12.2)* | 3.38 (2.45–4.65)* | ||
| Lifestyle variables | ||||
| Frequency of screen use | 1.51 (1.40–1.63)* | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | ||
| Sleeping hours | 0.85 (0.79–0.90)* | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | ||
| Three meals a day (ref. No) | 0.45 (0.37–0.55)* | 0.68 (0.53–0.86)* | ||
Model 0: crude analysis; Model 1 (n = 6602): adjusted for sociodemographic factors; Model 2 (n = 6602): adjusted for sociodemographic factors and other mental health problems; Model 3 (n = 4992): adjusted for sociodemographic factors, other mental health problems, stressful life events, and lifestyle variables.
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
*Significance threshold for the Bonferroni correction at p ≤ 0.003.