TABLE 1.
Comparison of Youths Reporting High Versus Low Racial/Ethnic Discrimination
| Total sample |
Low racial/ethnic discrimination |
High racial/ethnic discrimination |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 11,235 | n = 9,623 | n = 1,243 | ||||||
| Mean/n | SD/% | Mean/n | SD/% | Mean/n | SD/% | t(df)/χ2(df) | p | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, y | 10.93 | 0.64 | 10.93 | 0.64 | 10.89 | 0.63 | 2.36 (10,864) | .018 |
| Male sex | 5,879 | 52.3 | 4,894 | 50.9 | 771 | 62.0 | 55.04 (1) | <.001 |
| Parental education, y | 16.51 | 2.63 | 16.68 | 2.56 | 15.54 | 2.72 | 14.66 (10,864) | <.001 |
| White | 8,453 | 75.2 | 7,513 | 78.1 | 704 | 56.6 | 274.38 (1) | <.001 |
| Black | 2,269 | 20.2 | 1,677 | 17.4 | 481 | 38.7 | 312.9 (1) | <.001 |
| Asian | 723 | 6.4 | 643 | 6.7 | 62 | 5.0 | 5.21 (1) | .023 |
| American Indian | 386 | 3.4 | 308 | 3.2 | 59 | 4.7 | 8.06 (1) | .005 |
| Native Hawaiian | 70 | 0.6 | 56 | 0.6 | 10 | 0.8 | 0.9 (1) | .342 |
| Hispanic | 2,226 | 20.1 | 1,824 | 19.2 | 316 | 25.7 | 29.21 (1) | <.001 |
| Other discrimination and related factors | ||||||||
| Experienced discrimination toward non–US-born individuals | 177 | 1.6 | 71 | 0.7 | 95 | 8.2 | 373.75 (1) | <.001 |
| Experienced sexual orientation–based discrimination | 408 | 3.9 | 232 | 2.5 | 164 | 14.7 | 396.51 (1) | <.001 |
| Experienced weight-based discrimination | 654 | 6.1 | 405 | 4.3 | 220 | 19.1 | 400.1 (1) | <.001 |
| Non–US born | 323 | 2.9 | 266 | 2.8 | 51 | 4.1 | 7.02 (1) | .01 |
| LGBT | 145 | 1.3 | 116 | 1.2 | 24 | 1.9 | 4.57 (1) | .045 |
| Obese | 1,871 | 17.0 | 1,544 | 16.3 | 256 | 21.4 | 19.42 (1) | <.001 |
| Exposome adversities | ||||||||
| Family poverty experiences | 0.45 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.02 | 0.81 | 1.44 | 12.59 (10,850) | <.001 |
| Family conflict scale | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.75 | 1.79 | 2.96 | 2.11 | 22.02 (10,864) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood SES scale | 92.57 | 24.78 | 91.46 | 24.98 | 99.15 | 22.63 | 9.98 (10,265) | <.001 |
| Negative life events count | 2.44 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 2.13 | 3.77 | 2.86 | 1.49 (10,864) | <.001 |
| Psychopathology | ||||||||
| Prodromal psychosis scale | 4.61 | 9.39 | 3.46 | 7.43 | 12.79 | 15.91 | 9.33 (10,862) | <.001 |
| Any externalizing KSADS Dx | 3,438 | 31.1 | 2,796 | 29.4 | 510 | 41.8 | 77.54 (1) | <.001 |
| Depression Dx | 562 | 5.0 | 401 | 4.2 | 137 | 11.1 | 111.04 (1) | <.001 |
| Anxiety Dx | 363 | 3.2 | 255 | 2.7 | 93 | 7.6 | 83.71 (1) | <.001 |
| Suicidality | ||||||||
| Suicidal ideation | 897 | 8.1 | 623 | 6.5 | 236 | 19.3 | 239.49 (1) | <.001 |
| Suicide attempt | 140 | 1.3 | 79 | 0.8 | 49 | 4.0 | 92.87 (1) | <.001 |
| Suicidality (ideation/attempt) | 904 | 8.2 | 626 | 6.6 | 238 | 19.4 | 243.18(1) | <.001 |
Note: When compared across multiple demographic, discrimination-related, environmental exposures, psychopathology, and suicidal behavior, youths experiencing high racial/ethnic discrimination were significantly different from those experiencing low racial/ethnic discrimination. df = Degrees of freedom; Dx = diagnosis; KSADS = Kiddie–Structured Assessment for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for DSM-5; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender; SES = socioeconomic status.