Table 4.
Unadjusted and adjusted primary and secondary outcome measures: improvements and differences within and between groups (N=204).
| Stratified blended physiotherapy (n=102) | Face-to-face physiotherapy (n=102) | Between group differencesa | |||||||||||||||
| Measurements, mean (SD) |
Unadjusted within-group differences | Measurements, mean (SD) | Unadjusted within-group differences | Unadjusted | Adjustedb | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 3 months |
Mean (95% CI) |
P value |
Baseline | 3 months |
Mean (95% CI) |
P value |
Mean (95% CI) |
P value |
Mean (95% CI) |
P value |
||||||
| Physical functioning (range 0-100) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
19.39 (15.56) | 7.91 (9.64) | −11.48 (−15.06 to −7.91) | <.001 | 20.20 (13.90) | 8.97 (10.75) | −11.22 (−14.64 to −7.80) | <.001 | −0.83 (−3.43 to 1.77) |
.53 | −1.98 (−4.49 to 0.53) |
.12 | |||||
| Pain intensity (average score 7 days; range 0-10) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
5.67 (1.94) | 3.29 (2.42) | −2.38 (−3.00 to −1.75) |
<.001 | 5.40 (2.00) | 2.90 (2.36) | −2.51 (−3.11 to −1.90) |
<.001 | 0.31 (−0.35 to 0.98) |
.36 | 0.08 (−0.57 to 0.74) |
.80 | |||||
| Physical activity (MVPAc min/day) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
81.97 (38.52) | 78.58 (44.45) | −3.37 (−15.63 to 8.88) |
.59 | 75.70 (41.89) | 71.24 (40.34) | −4.42 (−16.91 to 8.07) |
.49 | 3.49 (−8.38 to 15.36) |
.56 | 3.62 (−8.27 to 15.51) |
.55 | |||||
| Fear-avoidance beliefs (range 0-96) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
27.92 (16.01) | 22.77 (13.38) | −5.14 (−9.25 to −1.04) |
.01 | 25.51 (16.24) | 24.82 (16.92) | −0.70 (−5.26 to 3.87) |
.77 | −3.73 (−6.63 to −0.82) |
.01 | −4.29 (−7.22 to −1.37) |
<.001 | |||||
| Pain catastrophizing (range 0-52) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
11.02 (9.30) | 8.97 (8.05) | −2.04 (−4.50 to 0.43) |
.11 | 10.33 (8.76) | 9.16 (9.84) | −1.17 (−3.74 to 1.40) |
.37 | −0.63 (−2.58 to 1.32) |
.53 | −0.96 (−2.95 to 1.02) |
.34 | |||||
| Self-efficacy (range 10-40) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
32.05 (4.38) | 32.02 (4.27) | −0.03 (−1.24 to 1.19) |
.97 | 33.12 (3.63) | 32.58 (3.99) | −0.54 (−1.59 to 0.52) |
.32 | 0.12 (−0.82 to 1.06) |
.81 | 0.14 (−0.82 to 1.10) |
.77 | |||||
| Health-related quality of life (range 0-100) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
67.70 (18.09) | 71.44 (20.07) | 3.73 (−1.68 to 9.14) |
.18 | 69.75 (17.71) | 72.57 (21.06) | 2.82 (−2.56 to 8.20) |
.31 | −0.65 (−6.38 to 5.08) |
.82 | 0.95 (−4.80 to 6.69) |
.75 | |||||
| Patient activation (range 0-100) | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
62.43 (12.37) | 62.45 (11.89) | 0.02 (−3.42 to 3.46) |
.99 | 64.72 (12.65) | 64.39 (12.71) | −0.33 (−3.84 to 3.18) |
.85 | −0.83 (−3.94 to 2.27) |
.60 | −0.79 (−3.95 to 2.36) |
.62 | |||||
| Adherence to prescribed home exercises (range 0-24)d | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
N/Ae | 11.96 (2.43) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 11.18 (2.17) | N/A | N/A | 0.78 (0.13 to 1.44) |
.02 | 0.73 (0.06 to 1.39) |
.03 | |||||
aDifference between baseline and 3 months in stratified blended physiotherapy versus face-to-face physiotherapy.
bAdjusted for baseline and duration of low back pain complaints (<12 vs >12 weeks).
cMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity.
dPatient self-reported adherence to prescribed home exercises could only be measured after the treatment period.
eN/A: not applicable.