Table 3.

Commercially available intraocular pressure-lowering therapies

Drug class	Drugs	Mechanism of action	Adverse effects
Prostaglandin analogue	Latanoprost; bimatoprost; travoprost; tafluprost	Increased uveoscleral outflow and trabecular mesh outflow	Conjunctival hyperaemia, lengthening and darkening of the eyelash, increased periocular and iris pigmentation, prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy
β-Blocker	Timolol; betaxolol	Decreased aqueous humor production	Ocular irritation, bronchoconstriction, bradyarrhythmias, hypotension
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor	Brinzolamide; dorzolamide; acetazolamide (per oral)	decreased aqueous humor production	Topical: ocular irritation, hyperaemia, dysgeusia. Per oral: polyuria, anorexia, sulphur reaction, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, renal calculi
α-2 Agonist	Brimonidine; apraclonidine	Decreased aqueous humor production and increased uveoscleral outflow	Conjunctival hyperaemia, allergic blepharoconjunctivitis, drowsiness, dry mouth
Cholinergic	Pilocarpine	Increased trabecular outflow	Blurred vision, dim vision, vitreous floaters, myopia, retinal tear or detachment, brow ache