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. 2022 Mar 12;14:39. doi: 10.1186/s13148-022-01257-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Metabolic signatures in the obese and lipodystrophy groups. a Principal component analysis (PCA) of three groups: obese, green; lipodystrophy, blue; and blood donors (BD), light red. PCA was performed using the parameters below. b Representation of PCA loadings on: age, weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), leptin-adiponectin ratio (LAR), glucose (GLC), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and adipose tissue insulin resistance (AT-IR) indexes and high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP). Colour and arrow length scale represent contribution to variance on the first two principal components. c Metabolite module-trait associations using WGCNA consensus analysis and 988 metabolites. Each row corresponds to a module eigen metabolites (ME) and each column to a parameter. Number of metabolites in each module is indicated in brackets. Cell colour represents Pearson’s correlation as shown by legend. Significance is annotated as follows: *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001 (Fisher’s test p value corrected for multi-testing). d Heatmap of extreme phenotype groups’ MEs adjacencies in the consensus MEs network. The heatmap is colour-coded by adjacency, yellow indicating high adjacency (positive correlation) and blue low adjacency (negative correlation). e Beeswarm plot using average MEs per cluster presented in (d)