Table 4.
The prevalence of undernutrition according to children, mothers, caregivers and family characteristics
| Characteristics | Frequency | Undernutrition, n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stunting | Pa | Underweight | Pb | Wasting | Pc | ||
| Children levels | |||||||
| Sex of children | 0.053 | 0.341 | 0.983 | ||||
| Female | 2723 | 104(3.8) | 100(3.7) | 109(4.0) | |||
| Male | 2806 | 137(4.9) | 117(4.2) | 112(4.0) | |||
| Age of children (months) | 0.236 | 0.599 | 0.057 | ||||
| 0-11 | 716 | 22(3.1) | 21(2.9) | 17(2.4) | |||
| 12-23 | 800 | 43(5.4) | 31(3.9) | 24(3.0) | |||
| 24-35 | 835 | 36(4.3) | 30(3.6) | 33(4.0) | |||
| 36-47 | 914 | 39(4.3) | 35(3.8) | 39(4.3) | |||
| 48-59 | 1150 | 58(5.0) | 52(4.5) | 54(4.7) | |||
| 60-71 | 1114 | 43(3.9) | 48(4.3) | 54(4.8) | |||
| Birth weight | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
| <2500 g | 203 | 27(13.3) | 27(13.3) | 21(10.3) | |||
| 2500-3999 g | 4968 | 207(4.2) | 187(3.8) | 194(3.9) | |||
| ≥4000 g | 358 | 7(2.0) | 3(0.8) | 6(1.7) | |||
| Preterm birth | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
| No | 5264 | 216(4.1) | 191(3.6) | 199(3.8) | |||
| Yes | 265 | 25(9.4) | 26(9.8) | 22(8.3) | |||
| Left behind children | 0.768 | 0.480 | 0.553 | ||||
| No | 3184 | 141(4.4) | 130(4.1) | 123(3.9) | |||
| Yes | 2345 | 100(4.3) | 87(3.7) | 98(4.2) | |||
| Only child | 0.562 | 0.437 | 0.542 | ||||
| No | 4157 | 185(4.5) | 168(4.0) | 170(4.1) | |||
| Yes | 1372 | 56(4.1) | 49(3.6) | 51(3.7) | |||
| Passive smoking | 0.953 | 0.333 | 0.431 | ||||
| No | 3110 | 136(4.4) | 129(4.1) | 130(4.2) | |||
| Yes | 2419 | 105(4.3) | 88(3.6) | 91(3.8) | |||
| Regular physical examination | 0.367 | 0.399 | 0.044* | ||||
| No | 634 | 32(5.0) | 21(3.3) | 16(2.5) | |||
| Yes | 4895 | 209(4.3) | 196(4.0) | 205(4.2) | |||
| Mothers levels | |||||||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 0.803 | 0.069 | 0.119 | ||||
| <20 | 25 | 2(8.0) | 3(12.0) | 2(8.0) | |||
| 20-24 | 394 | 20(5.1) | 20(5.1) | 26(6.6) | |||
| 25-29 | 1702 | 79(4.6) | 76(4.5) | 67(3.9) | |||
| 30-34 | 2258 | 92(4.1) | 70(3.1) | 82(3.6) | |||
| 35-39 | 806 | 35(4.3) | 32(4.0) | 34(4.2) | |||
| ≥40 | 344 | 13(3.8) | 16(4.7) | 10(2.9) | |||
| Maternal gestational weight gain (kg) | 0.015* | 0.040* | 0.072 | ||||
| <10.00 | 1058 | 63(6.0) | 52(4.9) | 55(5.2) | |||
| 10.00-14.99 | 2356 | 95(4.0) | 96(4.1) | 89(3.8) | |||
| 15.00-19.99 | 1402 | 62(4.4) | 53(3.8) | 45(3.2) | |||
| ≥20.00 | 713 | 21(2.9) | 16(2.2) | 32(4.5) | |||
| Maternal moderate/severe anemia | 0.954 | 0.907 | 0.710 | ||||
| No | 5258 | 229(4.4) | 206(3.9) | 209(4.0) | |||
| Yes | 271 | 12(4.4) | 11(4.1) | 12(4.4) | |||
| Pregnancy comorbidity | 0.684 | 0.205 | 0.114 | ||||
| No | 4982 | 219(4.4) | 201(4.0) | 206(4.1) | |||
| Yes | 547 | 22(4.0) | 16(2.9) | 15(2.7) | |||
| Caregivers and family levels | |||||||
| Type of caregivers | 0.220 | 0.327 | 0.355 | ||||
| Parents | 3711 | 153(4.1) | 139(3.7) | 142(3.8) | |||
| Grandparents/other | 1818 | 88(4.8) | 78(4.3) | 79(4.3) | |||
| Ethnicity of caregivers | 0.003* | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
| Han | 5005 | 205(4.1) | 177(3.5) | 163(3.3) | |||
| Minorities | 524 | 36(6.9) | 40(7.6) | 58(11.1) | |||
| Education level of caregivers | 0.001* | 0.003* | <0.001* | ||||
| Primary school or below | 1116 | 63(5.6) | 54(4.8) | 64(5.7) | |||
| Junior high school | 2121 | 106(5.0) | 96(4.5) | 93(4.4) | |||
| Senior high school | 1248 | 46(3.7) | 45(3.6) | 36(2.9) | |||
| College or above | 1044 | 26(2.5) | 22(2.1) | 28(2.7) | |||
| Occupation of caregivers | 0.105 | 0.795 | 0.138 | ||||
| Housework | 3175 | 157(4.9) | 129(4.1) | 132(4.2) | |||
| Government agencies staff | 673 | 20(3.0) | 23(3.4) | 19(2.8) | |||
| Business services staff | 457 | 15(3.3) | 16(3.5) | 12(2.6) | |||
| Farmer | 355 | 16(4.5) | 17(4.8) | 15(4.2) | |||
| Other | 869 | 33(3.8) | 32(3.7) | 43(4.9) | |||
| Family size | 0.307 | 0.054 | 0.039* | ||||
| ≤4 | 1644 | 62(3.8) | 51(3.1) | 56(3.4) | |||
| 5-6 | 2963 | 133(4.5) | 120(4.0) | 115(3.9) | |||
| ≥7 | 922 | 46(5.0) | 46(5.0) | 50(5.4) | |||
| Family income ( Yuan/year) | 0.080 | 0.010* | 0.094 | ||||
| <20000 | 237 | 14(5.9) | 17(7.2) | 15(6.3) | |||
| 20000-39999 | 612 | 35(5.7) | 32(5.2) | 27(4.4) | |||
| 40000-59999 | 1275 | 61(4.8) | 50(3.9) | 58(4.5) | |||
| ≥60000 | 3405 | 131(3.8) | 118(3.5) | 121(3.6) | |||
| Family food expenditure (Yuan/year) | 0.004* | 0.008* | 0.002* | ||||
| <2000 | 127 | 10(7.9) | 8(6.3) | 5(3.9) | |||
| 2000-3999 | 585 | 39(6.7) | 36(6.2) | 40(6.8) | |||
| 4000-5999 | 789 | 34(4.3) | 33(4.2) | 35(4.4) | |||
| ≥6000 | 4028 | 158(3.9) | 140(3.5) | 141(3.5) | |||
| Total | 5529 | 241(4.4) | 217(3.9) | 221(4.0) | |||
aThe comparison of stunting prevalence in children with different characteristics
bThe comparison of underweight prevalence in children with different characteristics
cThe comparison of wasting prevalence in children with different characteristics
*P<0.05