Table 2.

Various examples of advanced prototypes of MSNs for bioimaging

Mode	Imaging modalities	Advanced composites	Particle size (nm)	Pore size (nm)	Contrast agent	Animal model	Refs
Single-mode	T1-MRI	MnOx-HMSNs	200	4.4	MnOx	Rats	[459]
	MRI	fmSiO4@SPIONs	50	2.8	SPIONs	Mice	[345]
	T1 MRI	mSiO2@GGO NPLNPs	50	–	Cr3+, Nd3+, Gd3Ga5O12	Kunming mice, BALB/c mice	[347]
	T1/T2 MRI	MnFe2O4@ mSiO2	50	2.4	MnFe2O4	Kunming mice	[344]
	T1/T2 MRI	Fe3O4@MnO/mSiO2	45	2.5	Fe3O4@MnO	–	[460]
Dual-mode	T1/T2 MRI, FL	Fe3O4@mSiO2	45–105	2–3	FITC, RITC	Balb/c mice	[15]
	T2 MRI, FL	Fe3O4-MSN	70 ± 6	2.3	FITC, RITC	Balb/c mice	[461]
	PET, CT	89Zr-labelled MSNs	180	8	89Zr	SCID mice	[366]
	FL, T1 MRI	MSN@QDs	101.2	3.9	Mn-doped ZnSe QDs	Balb/c mice	[182]
	UCL, CT	UCNPs@mSiO2-POM @FC	120	–	Yb	Kunming mice	[462]
	FL, PAI	17AAG@HMONs- Gem-PEG	60	–	ICG	Balb/c mice	[463]
	TPF, T2 MRI	Fe3O4@CDs@mSiO2 @PTX@mSiO2	91	2.9	Fe3O4, CDs	Balb/c mice	[464]
	T2 MRI, PL	CoFe2O4@mSiO2	52	8	-	–	[465]
	T1 MRI, FL	MS‐Gd2O3:Eu@PEG	190 in length, 70 in width	~ 4	Gd2O3	–	[211]
	T2 MRI, FL	Fe3O4@mSiO2 -CD-FA	100–150	4.72	CD, Fe3O4	–	[466]
	T1 MRI, PL	GdVO4:Eu3+@mSiO2	75	3.3	GdVO4, Eu3+	–	[361]
	19F MRI, FL	Au-FMSNs	~ 100	< 1.2	Au, C6F6, FITC	–	[467]
	T2 MRI, FL	MSN-Gd	> 75	1.4–2.9	Gd3+	–	[468]
	UCL, PAI	UCNP@mSiO2-ICG	~ 60	–	Nd, Er, ICG	ND4 Swiss Webster mice	[270]
	T2 MRI, CT	M-MSN(Dox/Ce6)/ PEM/P-gp shRNA	280 ± 17	2.482	Fe3O4-Au	Balb/c mice	[264]
	T1 MRI, UCL	NaYF4: Yb/Er@NaGdF4@ SiO2@mSiO2	240–265	2.23, 4.01	Gd	Balb/c mice	[469]
	T1 MRI, FL	Gd-Al@MSNs	57	2.5	Gd-Al, Cy5	Balb/c mice, Kunming mice	[470]
	UCL, CT	Y2O3:Yb, Er@mSiO2	340	4.6	Y2O3:Yb, Er	Balb/c mice	[471]
	FL, CT	A-AuNC@PAA/mSiO2	120	2	Au	Balb/c mice	[472]
	MRI, UCL	β‐NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ @β‐NaGdF4:Yb3+@mSiO2	78	2.9	β‐NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ @β‐NaGdF4: Yb3+	Kunming mice	[473]
	T1 MRI, UCL	MUCNCs@SNTs	95 in wall thickness	5	NaYF4:Yb/ Er/Gd	–	[474]
	T2 MRI, FL	Hydrazine-MSN- FITC-Fe3O4-PEG	–	–	Fe3O4, FITC	–	[353]
Multi-mode	FL, MRI, CT	WS2-IO@MS-PEG	–	2.48	WS2, Iron oxide	Balb/c mice	[141]
	PAI, PET, FL	CuSNDs@DOX-MSNs	100	6	CuSNDs	Nude mice	[475]
	US, CT, PAI, Thermal	HMSs@Au-PFH-mPEG NSs	200	3.8	Au	Balb/c mice	[374]
	T2 MRI, FL Thermal	Au-NRs-MMSNEs	300 × 180	2–3.5	Au, Fe3O4	SD mice	[142]
	PT, FL, T1 MRI	RGD-CCmMC	116.5	2.9 ± 0.3	Mn-Cdots, gold cube-in-cube	Balb/c mice	[476]
	T2 MRI, US, FL	mSiO2-MNPs	9.4 ± 1.2	2, 4	Fe3O4, FITC	–	[370]
	TPL, TPEF, FL, PAI, PT	GNR@mSiO2-5-FU	54.14 ± 4.39 in length and 15.87 ± 1.28 in width, a shell of 19.85 ± 1.67		GNRs, ICG	Balb/c mice	[477]
	SR‐STXM, CT, T1 MRI, PA	Au@SiO2(Gd)@HA	232.7	–	Gd	Balb/c mice	[346]
	T2 MRI, PAI, BL	GRMNBs	130	2.1	Au, Fe3O4	C57BL/6 mice	[371]
	PAI, MRI, FL	Au@SiO2	200	4.6	AuQDs	CD1 mice	[478]
	UCL, CT, PT, T1/T2 MRI	GdOF: Ln@SiO2– ZnPc-CDs-FA	293	3.53	GdOF, ZnPc, CDs	Balb/c mice	[479]
	T1 MR, CT, UCL	UCMSNs	-	3.1	Yb3+, Gd3+	Balb/c mice	[273]
	T1 MRI, PET, FL	MSN@Gd@64Cu	~ 60	-	Gd3+, 64Cu, FITC	Balb/c mice	[358]
	T1 MRI, FL, US	MSN-Gd	384 ± 134 nm	4.1 ± 1.1 nm	GdCl3, Fluorescein	nude mice	[480]
	US, CEUS, T2 MRI	Fe-HSNs	200.3 ± 15.2	6.03	-	C57BL mice, ApoE-/- mice	[368]
	T2 MRI, CT, FL	i-fmSiO4@SPIONs	50	2.7	Fe3O4	–	[373]

17-AAG: 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin or Tanespimycin; 5-FU: 5-Fluorouracil; A-AuNC: Aggregated gold nanocluster; Al: Aluminum; Au: Gold; BL: Bioluminescent; CDs: Carbon dots; CEUS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Ce6: Chlorin e6; CPT: Camptothecin; CT: Computed tomography; Cu: Copper; Cy 5: Cyanine 5; DOX: Doxorubicin; FA: Folic acid; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocynate; FC: Folate-chitosan; FL: Fluorescence; FMSNs: Fluorescein-functionalized MSNs; Gd: Gadolinium; Gem: Gemcitabine; GNR@mSiO₂: Mesoporous silica‐coated gold nanorods; GRMNBs: Multi‐gold nanorods crystal‐seeded magnetic mesoporous silica nanobeads; HA: Hyaluronic acid; HMONs: Hollow mesoporous organosilica nanocapsule; HMS -Hollow mesoporous silica; HSN: Hollow silica nanoparticles; i-fmSiO₄@SPIONs: Iodinated oil-loaded mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; ICG: Indocyanine green; mC: Magnetic carbon; MMSNEs- Magnetic mesoporous silica nanoellipsoids; Mn: Manganese; MNPs: Mesoporous silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles; mPEG: Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol); MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; mSiO₂ or MS: Mesoporous silica; MSNs: mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MUCNCs@SNTs: Silica nanotubes functionalized with NaYF4:Yb/Er/Gd nanocrystals; NPLNPs: Near-infrared persistent luminescence nanoparticles; NRs: Nanorods; NSs: Nanostars; P-gp: P-glycoprotein; PAA: Polyacrylic acid; PAI: Photo acoustic imaging; PEG: Poly(ethylene glycol); PEM: Alginate/chitosan-based polyelectrolyte multilayers; PET: Positron emission tomography; PFH: Perfluorohexane; PL: Photoluminescence; POM: Polyoxometalate; PT: Photothermal; PTX: Paclitaxel; QDs: Quantum dots; RITC: Rhodamine isothiocyanate; ShRNA: small hairpin ribose nucleic acid; SR-STXM: Synchrotron radiation scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy; TA: Trimethylammonium groups; TPEF: Two‐photon excitation fluorescence; TPF: Two‐photon fluorescence; TPL: Two‐photon luminescence; TRF: Transferrin; UCNPs: Upconversion nanoparticles; UCL: Upconverting luminescence; UMSCs: Umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells; UCMSNs: NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaGdF4:Yb@NaNdF4@mSiO₂-CuS-PEG; US: Ultrasound; Yb³⁺: ytterbium trivalent ion