Table 5.

Published studies that investigated PD-L1/PD-1 signal pathways in cancer organoids

Cancer type	Source of cancer organoids	Mouse strain receiving organoid	Method for establishing mouse tumor model from organoid	Immunotherapy strategy or other treatment in cancer organoid	References
CRC	Biopsies from patient	n.a	n.a	Anti-PD-L1 Ab	[264]
CRC	Tumor tissue from patient	n.a	n.a	Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab	[262]
CRC	Tumor tissues of dMMR CRCs	n.a	n.a	Anti-PD-1 Ab, Anti-DKK1 Ab	[265]
Diverse tumor types	Biopsies from patient or mouse tumors (B16-SIY, MC38, A20-OVA)	NSG mice	Injected subcutaneously	Anti-PD-1 Ab, anti-PD-L1 Ab	[261]
Gastric cancer	Biopsied or resected tumor tissues	NSG mice	Orthotopic transplantation	Nivolumab, targeted therapy	[258]
Gastric cancer	Tumor tissue from patient	NSG mice	Orthotopic transplantation	Nivolumab, targeted therapy	[259]
Gastric cancer	human gastric tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells	n.a	n.a	Targeted therapy, nivolumab	[267]
Gastric cancer	Gastric glands from normal mouse stomach, cancer tissue of transgenic mouse	n.a	n.a	n.a	[303]
Gastric cancer	Tumor tissue from patient	n.a	n.a	Dexamethasone, pembrolizumab,	[268]
NSCLC	Biopsies from patient	n.a	n.a	Anti-PD-L1 Ab (atezolizumab, avelumab), targeted therapy	[266]
Ovarian cancer	Tumor tissue from patient	n.a	n.a	Bispecific anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody, pembrolizumab, anti-PD-L1 Ab (LY3300054)	[263]
Pancreatic cancer, TNBC	Tumor tissue from patient and mouse	n.a	n.a	Anti-PD-1, PD-L1 and TIM3 Ab or NKG2A, TIM3, TIGIT and LAG3 protein	[269]
PDAC	Tumor tissue from patient and mouse	NSG mice	Orthotopic transplantation	Anti-PD-1 Ab, targeted therapy, chemotherapy	[260]

n.a. not applicable, CRC colorectal cancer, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, TNBC triple negative breast cancer, PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, dMMR different mismatch repair, NSG NOD scid gamma, Ab antibody