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. 2022 Mar 12;23:240. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05073-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — ASAS modification of the Berlin diagnostic algorithm for axSpA [22].* AS = ankylosing spondylitis; axSpA = axial spondyloarthritis; CRP = C-reactive protein; ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; IBD = inflammatory bowel disease; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; nr-axSpA = nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SpA = spondyloarthritis. * The algorithm is intended for use by rheumatologists for patients in the specified age range and not in an unselected population of patients with chronic back pain. ^† The modified New York criteria for sacroiliitis are: grade ≥ 2 bilaterally or grade ≥ 3–4 unilaterally [13]. ^‡ Active acute inflammation is defined by clearly present bone marrow edema (on short-T1 inversion recovery) or osteitis (on T1 post gadolinium) highly suggestive of SpA, located in subchondral or periarticular bone marrow [15]