Table 4.
Differences (95% Confidence Interval) in resilience scores between physical activity and mental health outcomes
| Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 3b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Longitudinal | |||
| Physical activity (meeting vs. not meeting the guidelines) | 0.10*** (0.05, 0.16) | 0.10** (0.04, 0.16) | 0.07* (0.01, 0.13) |
| Depression (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.45*** (0.39, 0.51) | 0.40*** (0.33, 0.46) | 0.30*** (0.22, 0.37) |
| Anxiety (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.36*** (0.29, 0.43) | 0.34*** (0.26, 0.41) | 0.19*** (0.11, 0.27) |
| Stress (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.35*** (0.29, 0.42) | 0.30*** (0.23, 0.37) | 0.12** (0.04, 0.19) |
| Cross-sectional | |||
| Physical activity (meeting vs. not meeting the guidelines) | 0.26*** (0.18, 0.33) | 0.19*** (0.11, 0.27) | 0.15*** (0.08, 0.21) |
| Depression (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.76*** (0.69, 0.82) | 0.72*** (0.64, 0.79) | 0.45*** (0.37, 0.53) |
| Anxiety (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.74*** (0.67, 0.82) | 0.68*** (0.60, 0.77) | 0.20*** (0.10, 0.30) |
| Stress (Normal vs. above normal) | 0.77*** (0.69, 0.84) | 0.71*** (0.63, 0.80) | 0.30*** (0.20, 0.40) |
a Adjusted for time, age, gender, years of education, household income, marital status, and chronic disease status
b Included physical activity, depression, anxiety, and stress together with the same covariates used in Model 2
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001