Table 2.

Typical inhalable environmental exposures by facemask sampling.

Environmental exposures	Analytes	Types of facemasks	limits of detection	Analytical approaches	Ref.
Chemicals in facemask	16 organophosphate esters	Surgical facemasks, self-filtering masks, re-useable facemasks	0.005–0.644 ng/mask	LC-MS	[86]
	Phthalate esters	12 surgical facemask and four N95/P1/P2 facemasks	0.016–10 ng/sample	GC-MS	[89]
	Alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, and reactive carbonyls	60 commercial facemasks	0.05–24.9 ng	GC/MSD, LC-FID, LC-MS	[91]
	31 fluorescent whitening agents	18 brands of children facemasks	0.002–10 mg/kg	LC-MS	[92]
	volatile chemicals	KN95 facemask	NA	GC-MS	[95]
	12 high-risk volatile chemicals	60 mask samples of different brands	0.23 mg/kg	GC-MS	[96]
Pollutants in ambient air	CO, CO2, benzene, HCN, HCl, H2SO4, HF, acrolein, CH4, formaldehyde and PNAs	Self-contained breathing apparatus facepiece	5 μg m−3	FT-IR	[98]
			∼1 ppm
	Dust and crystalline silica	FFP3 facemasks with a miniature sampler	30–500 μg	XRD	[99]
	Sodium chloride aerosol	3 FFP3 facemasks and one half-mask fitted with P3 filters	0.3 μg	SFP	[100]
	9 PAHs	Fabric facemasks	0.06–0.8 ng	LC-FLD	[101]
	Tobacco smoke	Polyurethane foam facemasks	0.03 μg/m3	LC-MS	[102]
	Volatile chemicals, aerosols, and particles	KN95 facemasks with paper strips	NA	PS-MS	[77]