Table 1.
Baseline Demographics, Psychiatric, Adaptive, Family, Intellectual, Academic Status, Injury Severity, and Cause of Injury
| |
Enrolled participants |
3-Month follow-up participants |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild TBI (n = 220) | Orthopedic injury (n = 110) | Mild TBI (n = 189) | Orthopedic injury (n = 94) | |
| Age | 12.3 (2.1) | 12.2 (1.9) | 12.2 (2.15) | 12.2 (1.89) |
| Males (n; %) | 145 (65.9%) | 79 (71.8%) | 123 (65.1%) | 70 (74.5%) |
| Socioeconomic status | 0.063 (0.903) | -0.127 (1.164) | 0.062 (0.908) | -0.151 (1.21) |
| Race (n; %) | ||||
| White | 143 (65.0%)+ | 87 (79.1%)+ | 126 (66.7%) | 73 (77.7%) |
| Minority | 77 (35.0%)+ | 23 (20.9%)+ | 63 (33.3%) | 21 (22.3%) |
| Minority Composition | ||||
| African-American | 8 (3.6%) | 6 (5.5%) | 8 (4.2%) | 6 (6.4%) |
| Native American | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Asian | 3 (1.4%) | 3 (2.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 2 (2.1%) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| More than 1 race | 49 (22.3%) | 7 (6.4%) | 39 (20.6%) | 6 (6.4%) |
| Other | 13 (5.9%) | 6 (5.5%) | 11 (5.8%) | 6 (6.4%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 121 (55.0%) | 63 (57.3%) | 100 (52.9%) | 57 (60.6%) |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 99 (45.0%) | 47 (42.7%) | 89 (47.1%) | 37 (39.4%) |
| Pre-injury lifetime psychiatric disorder (n; %) | 73 (33.2%) | 36 (32.7%) | 66 (34.9%) | 31 (33.0%) |
| Pre-injury current psychiatric disorder (n; %) | 57 (25.9%) | 30 (27.3%) | 50 (26.5%) | 25 (26.6%) |
| Pre-injury Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite | 107.5 (13.0) | 104.8 (12.7) | 108.2 (13.0)* | 104.4 (12.5)* |
| Family Psychiatric History | 1.15 (1.20) n = 218 | 1.01 (1.19) n = 109 | 1.15 (1.20) n = 187 | 0.98 (1.18) n = 93 |
| McMaster Structured Interview of Family Function | 4.95 (1.16) n = 174 | 4.80 (1.16) n = 95 | 4.95 (1.17) n = 165 | 4.82 (1.18) n = 90 |
| Family Assessment Device (primary caretaker's report) | 1.63 (0.41) n = 217 | 1.68 (0.47) n = 109 | 1.62 (0.40) n = 187 | 1.69 (0.48) n = 93 |
| WASI-II Full-Scale IQ | 102.4 (14.7) n = 219 | 101.0 (12.5) n = 109 | 103.6 (14.8) n = 188 | 101.6 (12.8) n = 93 |
| WRAT-4 Sentence Comprehension | 106.1 (16.7) | 106.2 (16.4) n = 109 | 106.7 (17.1) | 106.2 (17.2) n = 93 |
| WRAT-4 Calculation Skills | 107.6 (15.9) | 107.1 (14.0) n = 109 | 107.8 (16.5) | 106.3 (14.4) n = 93 |
| Injury Severity Score | 2.70 (2.46)++ | 3.98 (1.00)++ | 2.62 (2.42)+++ | 3.93 (0.94)+++ |
| Cause of Injury (n; %) | ||||
| Fall | 120 (54.5%) | 93 (84.5%) | 105 (55.6%) | 82 (87.2%) |
| Struck (object) | 45 (20.5%) | 6 (5.5%) | 39 (20.6%) | 4 (4.3%) |
| Struck (person) | 41 (18.6%) | 9 (8.2%) | 33 (17.5%) | 6 (6.4%) |
| Transportation accident | 12 (5.5%) | 0 | 10 (5.3%) | 0 |
| Other | 2 (.9%) | 2 (1.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | 2 (2.1%) |
| Sports-related | 132 (60.0%) | 68 (61.8%) | 110 (58.2%) | 57 (60.6%) |
Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified.
Of all the group comparisons (mild TBI vs. orthopedic injury) of enrolled participants and those attending the 3-month assessment, only three were significant (p < 0.05).
+The distribution of race was significantly different in the mild TBI versus the OI group with regard to enrolled participants (Fisher's exact test p = 0.011).
There was a significant group difference (mild TBI vs. orthopedic injury) in pre-injury adaptive function in participants at the 3-month assessment (df = 281; p = 0.019).
++The Injury Severity Score was significantly higher in the enrolled OI group versus the enrolled mTBI group (df = 328; p = 0.000).
+++The ISS was significantly higher in the orthopedic injury group versus the mild TBI group in the participants at the 3-month assessment (df = 281; p = 0.000).
TBI, traumatic brain injury; ns, not significant; WASI-II, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition; WRAT-4, Wide Range Achievement Test-4th Edition.