Table 4. (Continuation of Table 3): Additional Characteristics of the included studies (appliance and anchorage used, orthodontic adjustments, statistical outcomes, and methods of primary outcome measurements).
TADs: temporary anchorage devices; SS: stainless steel; U3: upper canines; L3: lower canines; TPA: trans-palatal arch: RTM; rate of tooth movement; TTM: time of tooth movement; MOPs: micro-osteoperforations; LLLT: low-level laser therapy; 5-PLS: 5-point Likert scale; VAS: visual analog scale; IOPA: intraoral periapical radiographs
| Authors (Year, Country) | Appliance characteristics | Anchorage used | Orthodontic adjustments | Statistical significance of reported outcomes | Methods of primary outcome measurements |
| Primary and secondary outcomes | |||||
| Multiple methods of acceleration (two or more different methods of acceleration) | |||||
| Abdelhameed and Refai, 2018, Minya, Egypt [34] | MBT prescription brackets + NiTi closed-coil springs (150 g) for retraction U3 | TADs between 5 and 6 | Every two weeks | RTM (mm/week): 2nd, 4th, and 6th week: (MOPs) p-value = 0.000 8th, 10th, 12th week: (MOPs) p-value = 0.001 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th week: (LLLT) p-value = 0.001 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th week: (MOPs and LLLT) p-value = 0.000 2nd week: MOPs: 1.3 ± 0.12/LLLT: 0.98 ± 0.27/MOPs and LLLT: 1.82 ± 0.19 4th week: MOPs: 2.16 ± 0.27/LLLT: 1.81 ± 0.39/MOPs and LLLT: 2.83 ± 0.12 6th week: MOPs: 2.92 ± 0.73/LLLT: 2.38 ± 0.27/MOPs and LLLT: 3.46 ± 0.64 8th week: MOPs: 3.43 ± 0.66/LLLT: 2.63 ± 0.87/MOPs and LLLT: 3.86 ± 0.27 10th week: MOPs: 3.92 ± 0.88/LLLT: 3.26 ± 0.89/MOPs and LLLT: 4.39 ± 0.73 12th week: MOPs: 4.33 ± 0.64/LLLT: 3.72 ± 0.71/MOPs and LLLT: 4.87 ± 0.88 | Direct intraoral measurements using a digital intraoral caliper |
| Farid et al., 2019, Cairo, Egypt [36] | Roth prescription brackets + 0.017 x 0.025-inch SS + NiTi closed-coil springs (150 g) for retraction U3 | Soldered TPA | Every two weeks | RTM (mm/week): 1stmonth: p-value = 0.019 Corticotomy + LLLT: 0.81 ± 0.58, Corticotomy: 1.16± 0.67 2nd month: p-value = 0.064 Corticotomy + LLLT: 1.04 ± 0.61, Corticotomy: 0.82 ± 0.36 3rdmonth: p-value = 0.968 corticotomy + LLLT: 1.83 ± 1.00, Corticotomy: 2.01 ± 1.37 4thmonth: p-value = 0.033 Corticotomy + LLLT: 1.43 ± 1.18, Corticotomy: 0.83± 1.03 | Measurements were done using 3D-scanned study models |
| Yousif et al., 2019, Tanta, Egypt [16] | Roth prescription brackets + 0.016 x 0.022-inch SS + elastomeric chain for retraction U3, giving force (150 g) that was replaced every three days | Soldered TPA | Every week | TTM (days): p-value = 0.001 MOPs: 11.0 ± 2.36 Corticotomy + MOPs: 15.2 ± 1.62 Control: 8.1 ± 1.90 Canine angular changes: p-value = 0.001 Multiple osteoperforations: 11.0 ± 2.36 corticotomy + multiple osteoperforations: 67.7 ± 3.09 Control: 110.5 ± 4.84 Acceleration rate: multiple osteoperforations, corticotomy + multiple osteoperforations accelerated the canine retraction by 22%, 38.5%, respectively | Direct intraoral measurements using a digital intra-oral caliper. Canine angulation was assessed by panoramic radiography |
| Repetition of an acceleration method | |||||
| Sivarajan et al., 2019, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [38] | MBT prescription brackets (0.022x 0.028-inch slot) + 0.018 x 0.025-inch SS + elastomeric chain (140-200 g) for retraction U3 and L3 | TADs between 5 and 6 | Every month | RTM (mm/4 months): p-value = 0.004 MOP-4: 3.96 ± 1.71 MOP-8: 4.15 ± 1.71 MOP-12: 4.39 ± 1.78 Control: 3.06 ± 1.64 Pain and its impact on daily function: MOP-4: 3.96 ± 1.71 moderate (score 2/5), 60% of patients severe (score 3/5), 15% of patients MOP-8: 1.35 ± 0.59 mild (score 1/5), 70% of patients MOP-12: 1.3 0± 0.57 mild (score 1/5), 75% of patients | Direct intraoral measurements using a digital intraoral caliper. Pain intensity was assessed by 5-PLS, whereas VAS was used to assess its impact |
| Asif et al., 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [35] | MBT prescription brackets (0.022 x 0.028-inch slot) + 0.018 x 0.025-inch SS + elastomeric chain (140-200 g) for retraction L3 | TADs between 5 and 6 | Every month | RTM (mm/3 months): p-value:<0.001 MOP: 4.03 ± 0.79, Control: 2.77 ± 0.79 p-value = 0.001 MOP-4: 4.57 ± 0.77, Control: 3.08 ± 0.77 p-value = 0.006 MOP-8: 3.06 ± 0.60, Control: 1.94 ± 0.60 p-value = 0.004 MOP-12: 4.17 ± 0.92, Control: 3.03 ± 0.92 | Direct intraoral measurements using a digital intraoral caliper |
| Jaiswal et al., 2021, New Delhi, India [37] | Roth prescription brackets (0.022 slot) + 0.019 x 0.025-inch SS + NiTi closed-coil springs (150g) for retraction U3 | TADs between 5 and 6 | Every month | RTM (mm/month): 1stmonth: p-value = 0.840 One-time MOP: 1.37 ± 0.43, Two-time MOP: 1.41 ± 0.43 2nd month: p-value<0.001 One-time MOP: 2.40 ± 0.52, Two-time MOP: 3.20 ± 0.64 3rdmonth: p-value<0.001 One-time MOP: 3.31 ± 0.87, Two-time MOP: 4.68 ± 1.01 6th month: p-value<0.001 One-time MOP: 4.57 ± 0.54, Two-time MOP: 6.12 ± 0.76 Canine angular changes: p-value = 0.001 1st month: p-value = 0.907 One-time MOP: 97.13 ± 9.2, Two-time MOP: 97.13 ± 8.7 2ndmonth: p-value = 0.889 One-time MOP: 96.31 ± 9.09, Two-time MOP: 95.88 ± 8.56 3rdmonth: p-value = 0.727 One-time MOP: 95.13 ± 8.90, Two-time MOP: 94.06 ± 8.11 Molar anchorage loss: p-value = 0.657 One-time MOP: 0.31 ± 0.24, Two-time MOP: 0.30 ± 0.39 | Measurements were done using 3D scanned study models. Canine angulation was assessed by IOPA |