Table 4.
Multivariable within-pair analysis of the relationship between lifetime PTSD status, at Visit 2 and assessed longitudinally, and MFR at Visit 2 and its change from Visit 1.
| Model |
Lifetime PTSD at Visit 2 (PTSD Vs. No PTSD) |
Longitudinal Assessment of PTSD (No PTSD, Late-Onset PTSD, Longstanding PTSD) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome: MFR at Visit 2 (N=122 Twin Pairs, 38 PTSD-Discordant Pairs) | ||||||||
| Mean Within- Pair Difference in MFR, PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | P | Mean Within- Pair Difference in MFR, Late- Onset PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | Mean Within-Pair Difference in MFR, Longstanding PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | P for Trend |
|
| Unadjusted | −0.23 | (−0.41, −0.04) | 0.02 | −0.19 | (−0.41, 0.03) | −0.30 | (−0.61, 0.01) | 0.01 |
| Adjusted for age, lifestyle and clinical risk factors * | −0.21 | (−0.39, −0.02) | 0.03 | −0.20 | (−0.43, 0.02) | −0.31 | (−0.62, 0.01) | 0.01 |
| + summed stress score | −0.22 | (−0.40, −0.04) | 0.02 | −0.22 | (−0.44, 0.005) | −0.32 | (−0.63, −0.005) | 0.007 |
| + major depression | −0.21 | (−0.40, −0.02) | 0.03 | −0.21 | (−0.43, 0.01) | −0.30 | (−0.63, 0.02) | 0.01 |
| Outcome: Change in MFR Between Visit 1 and Visit 2 (N=109 Twin Pairs, 34 PTSD-Discordant Pairs)† | ||||||||
| Mean Within- Pair Difference in Change (no. of SD), PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | P | Mean Within- Pair Difference in Change (no. of SD), Late-Onset PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | Mean Within-Pair Difference in Change (no. of SD), Longstanding PTSD Vs. No PTSD |
(95% CI) | P for Trend |
|
| Unadjusted | −0.54 | (−1.01, −0.06) | 0.03 | −0.47 | (−1.05, 0.12) | −0.68 | (−1.48, 0.12) | 0.02 |
| Adjusted for age, lifestyle and clinical risk factors * | −0.55 | (−1.02, −0.08) | 0.02 | −0.53 | (−1.10, 0.04) | −0.60 | (−1.40, 0.21) | 0.02 |
| + summed stress score | −0.59 | (−1.05, −0.13) | 0.01 | −0.57 | (−1.14, −0.01) | −0.63 | (−1.43, 0.16) | 0.01 |
| + major depression | −0.60 | (−1.08, −0.13) | 0.01 | −0.57 | (−1.14, 0.003) | −0.63 | (−1.44, 0.18) | 0.02 |
Abbreviations: MFR: coronary flow reserve; CI: confidence interval; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; SD: standard deviation.
Age, current and past smoking, BMI, physical activity (Baecke score), history of hypertension, history of CHD, and statin use. All models for the analysis of change in MFR also adjusted for Visit 1 MFR.
Change in MFR was calculated as Visit 2 MFR minus Visit 1 MFR. MFR was standardized using standard deviation as the unit of measurement at each visit. The means express the mean number of standard deviations change in MFR from Visit 1 to Visit 2 (a negative value indicated a decline in MFR).