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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 May 29;225:108796. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108796

Table 2:

Associations between religiosity domains and 12-month substance use disorders among the NESARC-III sample (N = 36,309).

Model 1a Model 2b
AUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) TUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) CUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) DUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) AUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) TUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) CUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI) DUD Odds Ratio (95 % CI)
Religiosity Domains Importance of Religion/Spirituality
Not important Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Somewhat important 0.8 (0.73,0.89) 0.9 (0.86,1.04) 0.6 (0.50,0.76) 0.8 (0.59,1.02) 0.9 (0.86,1.09) 1.1 (0.93,1.19) 0.9 (0.69,1.19) 0.9 (0.67,1.39)
Very important 0.4 (0.36,0.44) 0.6 (0.55,0.66) 0.3 (0.30,0.44) 0.6 (0.48,0.78) 0.8 (0.70,0.90) 1.2 (1.01,1.30) 1.1 (0.79,1.40) 1.0 (0.70,1.54)
Service Attendance
No attendance Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Once per year / a few times per year 0.7 (0.57,0.76) 0.7 (0.59,0.75) 0.6 (0.49,0.84) 0.5 (0.35,0.74) 0.9 (0.74,1.01) 0.8 (0.70,0.89) 1.0 (0.75,1.35) 0.7 (0.47,1.066)
1–3 times per month 0.7 (0.59,0.73) 0.5 (0.45,0.56) 0.5 (0.35,0.61) 0.6 (0.42,0.77) 0.9 (0.83,1.05) 0.6 (0.51,0.66) 0.8 (0.57,1.02) 0.9 (0.65,1.28)
Once per week 0.4 (0.32,0.41) 0.3 (0.25,0.30) 0.2 (0.13,0.25) 0.4 (0.30,0.55) 0.6 (0.55,0.74) 0.4 (0.34,0.43) 0.4 (0.27,0.66) 0.9 (0.62,1.24)
Twice per week or more 0.2 (0.17,0.24) 0.2 (0.17,0.23) 0.1 (0.09,0.24) 0.3 (0.22,0.47) 0.4 (0.33,0.51) 0.3 (0.22,0.33) 0.4 (0.24,0.68) 0.8 (0.54,1.26)
Religious Affiliation
None Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Jewish 0.4 (0.29,0.61) 0.5 (0.33,0.66) 0.3 (0.12,0.85) 1.0 (0.47,2.26) 0.8 (0.51,1.20) 0.9 (0.65,1.40) 0.9 (0.35,2.37) 2.4 (1.03,5.66)
Catholic 0.5 (0.45,0.60) 0.6 (0.52,0.67) 0.3 (0.19,0.34) 0.5 (0.36,0.70) 1.1 (0.91,1.33) 1.1 (0.93,1.24) 0.6 (0.44,0.83) 0.9 (0.62,1.44)
Protestant /Other Christian 0.5 (0.43,0.53) 0.9 (0.78,0.98) 0.4 (0.32,0.48) 0.6 (0.45,0.79) 0.9 (0.81,1.11) 1.2 (1.09,1.44) 0.7 (0.55,0.98) 0.9 (0.60,1.24)
Muslim 0.2 (0.12,0.42) 0.6 (0.43,0.85) 0.3 (0.08,1.06) 0.4 (0.19,0.99) 0.4 (0.22,0.71) 1.2 (0.83,1.68) 0.6 (0.17, 2.42) 0.9 (0.37,2.21)
Other non-Christian religion 0.5 (0.40,0.58) 0.7 (0.60,0.85) 0.6 (0.45,0.85) 0.8 (0.53,1.15) 0.8 (0.63,0.93) 1.0 (0.87,1.21) 1.0 (0.73,1.46) 1.1 (0.71,1.69)

Note: Significant ORs appear in boldface.

Abbreviations: AUD, alcohol use disorder; TUD, tobacco use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder; DUD, drug use disorder.

a

Unadjusted.

b

Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity, age, educational level, 12-month personal income, marital status, urbanicity, region); other religiosity variables (among importance of R/S, service attendance, religious affiliation); mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar 1 disorder, and bipolar 2 disorder); 12-month anxiety disorders (general anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, specific phobias, and panic disorder); personality disorders (borderline, schizotypal, and antisocial); any 12-month SUD (excluding substance used as outcome); self-reported physical health; non-religious social support.