Table 3.

Associations between frequency of service attendance and substance use outcomes among the NESARC-III sample (N = 36,309).

	Model 1^a								Model 2^b
	Alcohol		Tobacco		Cannabis		Other Drugs		Alcohol		Tobacco		Cannabis		Other Drugs
	Use, no AUD	AUD	Use, no TUD	TUD	Use, no CUD	CUD	Use, no DUD	DUD	Use, no AUD	AUD	Use, no TUD	TUD	Use, no CUD	CUD	Use, no DUD	DUD
Frequency of service attendance
No attendance	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Once per year / a few times per year	0.86 (0.72, 1.02)	0.65 (0.56, 0.75)	0.88 (0.73, 1.07)	0.66 (0.58, 0.75)	0.53 (0.44, 0.64)	0.64 (0.49, 0.83)	0.65 (0.52, 0.82)	0.70 (0.35, 0.73)	0.91 (0.75, 1.09)	0.78 (0.67, 0.90)	0.92 (0.75, 1.14)	0.75 (0.66, 0.85)	0.85 (0.68, 1.06)	0.97 (0.72, 1.31)	0.94 (0.75 1.19)	1.03 (0.85, 1.24)
1–3 times per month	0.73 (0.63, 0.84)	0.64 (0.57, 0.72)	0.69 (0.60, 0.81)	0.50 (0.45, 0.56)	0.57 (0.48, 0.67)	0.46 (0.35, 0.60)	0.68 (0.56, 0.82)	0.57 (0.42, 0.77)	0.77 (0.67, 0.90)	0.91 (0.80, 1.02)	0.71 (0.59, 0.86)	0.55 (0.49, 0.62)	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	0.76 (0.57, 1.03)	1.026 (0.85, 1.24)	0.91 (0.65, 1.27)
Once per week	0.69 (0.61, 0.79)	0.34 (0.30, 0.39)	0.41 (0.34, 0.49)	0.27 (0.25, 0.30)	0.23 (0.19, 0.28)	0.18 (0.12, 0.26)	0.41 (0.34, 0.51)	0.40 (0.29, 0.54)	0.70 (0.61, 0.81)	0.62 (0.53, 0.72)	0.46 (0.37, 0.58)	0.35 (0.31, 0.39)	0.56 (0.44, 0.67)	0.39 (0.25, 0.60)	0.78 (0.63, 0.95)	0.83 (0.59, 1.18)
Twice per week or more	0.37 (0.30, 0.47)	0.18 (0.15, 0.22)	0.32 (0.23, 0.41)	0.20 (0.16, 0.23)	0.13 (0.09, 0.16)	0.15 (0.09, 0.24)	0.41 (0.33, 0.52)	0.32 (0.22, 0.46)	0.42 (0.33, 0.54)	0.38 (0.31, 0.48)	0.33 (0.25, 0.44)	0.24 (0.20, 0.29)	0.32 (0.24, 0.43)	0.35 (0.21, 0.59)	0.83 (0.66, 1.05)	0.79 (0.52, 1.21)

Note: Significant ORs appear in boldface.

Abbreviations: AUD, alcohol use disorder; TUD, tobacco use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder; DUD, drug use disorder.

Unadjusted.

Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity, age, educational level, 12-month personal income, marital status, urbanicity, region); other religiosity variables (among importance of R/S, service attendance, religious affiliation); mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar 1 disorder, and bipolar 2 disorder); 12-month anxiety disorders (general anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, specific phobias, and panic disorder); personality disorders (borderline, schizotypal, and antisocial); any 12-month SUD (excluding substance used as outcome); self-reported physical health; non-religious social support.