Fig. 2. Experimental Procedures.

(a) Experimental Timelines. Participants completed three neuroimaging sessions, one before training, one after training, and one after a one-week no-training delay. Recognition testing occurred after every training session and at the third scan. (b) Training Conditions. The four training conditions manipulated the visual and motor components of letter production. A typed version of the symbol was provided on the computer screen in all conditions. Participants trained on novel symbol by either drawing them or not drawing them (motor factor) and/or by seeing the strokes of the letter unfold as if being written or presented statically (visual factor). (c) Recognition Testing. Symbol learning was assessed after each training session and at the final scanning session. Participants were presented with static, typed versions of the 40 learned symbols along with 40 novel distractors one at a time in random order and were asked to perform an old/new recognition judgement. (d) Neuroimaging: Task fMRI Paradigm. Functional neuroimaging was performed before training, after training, and after a no-training delay of approximately one week. Participants were presented with symbols, blocked by training condition, and were asked to perform one-back task to maintain attention. All symbols were presented in a typed format.