Table 2.

Effects of air pollution prevention and control action plan (APPCAP) and other emission control measures on the air quality, mortality, morbidity, and their economic benefits

Authors	Study area	Period	Conclusions
Zhao et al. (2021)	China	2015–2018	Annual mean concentration of CO, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 declined at a rate of 70, 3.8, 4.1, and 3.4 μg m−3/year. Though, O3 increased by 3.4 μg m−3/year and NO2 did not show any prominent decline. The overall population exposure risk to PM2.5 did decrease but 65% of the population is still at the risk of being exposed to levels higher than the standard limit of 35 μg m−3/year. During the 2015–2018 mortality attributed to increased O3 was 70,024; 79,159; 105,150; and 104,404, respectively
Cui et al. (2020)	Jinan City, China	2013–2017	SO2 and NOx exhaust emission decreased notably. SO2 reduced by 72.6%, PM2.5 by 43.1% (which was quite high compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade–I), and PM10 by 34.2%. In 2017 the city avoided 2317 premature deaths and 15,822 morbidity cases related to these air pollutants. In addition gaining economic benefit of 317.7 million USD
Maji et al. (2020)	Beijing, China	2014–2018	Reduced concentration of SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 by 1.9, 80, 2.4, 8.1, and 7.4 μg m−3/year was observed. Mortality rate was found to be lessened by 5.6% and 18.5% in 2018
Yu et al. (2019)	Guangzhou, China	2014–2016	Effects of Meteorology and emission control actions on air quality was estimated using WRF-MAQ (Weather Research & Forecasting—Community Multiscale Air Quality) model. The favorable meteorological conditions can bring the pollution levels down but when compared to joint emission control measures (of Guangzhou and neighboring cities) were found to be more effective and could possibly bring down pollutant concentrations of SO2 by 48.4%, NO2 by 17.7%, PM2.5 by 14.6% and PM10 by 13.4%, and O3 by 7.7%. Measures taken by Guangzhou alone reduced emissions for SO2 (46.0%), NO2 (15.2%), PM10 (9.1%), and PM2.5 (9.4%) but O3 concentration increased (2.4%)
Huang et al. (2018)	74 cities in China	2013–2017	Overall annual average of concentration of SO2, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 decreased by 54.1%, 28.2%, 27.8%, and 33.3%, respectively. NO2 and O3 concentration levels were around 9.7% and 20.4% which was not a significant change. In comparison to 2013, in 2017–42,240 deaths were avoided and 710,240 lesser years in life lost
Wang et al. (2017)	China	2013	Annual Average Standard of 35 μg m−3/year for PM2.5 was only achieved by 4.1% of the Chinese cities. Central-Eastern-China observed 100 μg m−3 and some regions crossed 150 μg m−3 of PM2.5 concentration
Chen et al. (2017)	Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China	2013–2017	2014 PM2.5 concentration data were simulated to predict the effects after the complete implementation of emission control measures. The study found that the PM2.5 concentration might fall to 25% reaching 60 μg m−3 I Beijing. 3175 to 14,051 deaths attributed to PM2.5 could be avoided. The combined economic benefit from reduced mortality was estimated by WTP (Willingness to Pay) was around 0.01–0.3% of 2012 GDP of Beijing, 0.01–0.2% of 2012 GDP of Tianjin and 0.03–0.8% of 2012 GDP of Hebei