Table 2. Physical function for the intervention and control group in each assessment period.
| Preoperatively | Discharge | Postoperatively 1 month | Postoperatively 3 months | ||
| Low back pain | IG | 23.1 ± 28.0 (11.5–34.7) | 3.9 ± 9.0† (0.2–7.6) | 2.5 ± 4.0 (0.8–4.1) | 3.4 ± 9.3 (−0.5–7.3) |
| during rest (cm) | CG | 24.2 ± 2.6 (13.4–35.0) | 8.8 ± 13.5|| (3.2–14.3) | 5.7 ± 12.3 (0.6–10.7) | 4.8 ± 9.5 (0.8–8.7) |
| Hip region pain | IG | 30.2 ± 24.8 (20.0–40.5) | 5.4 ± 10.3† (1.2–9.7) | 2.8 ± 4.2 (1.0–4.5) | 2.2 ± 3.6 (0.7–3.7) |
| during rest (cm) | CG | 28.3 ± 27.4 (17.0–39.6) | 9.2 ± 9.7|| (5.2–13.2) | 8.5 ± 15.9 (2.0–15.1) | 3.6 ± 4.9 (1.6–5.6) |
| Low back pain | IG | 42.0 ± 32.8 (28.5–55.6) | 7.5 ± 12.4† (2.4–12.6) | 5.2 ± 8.2 (1.9–8.6) | 7.2 ± 13.7 (1.5–12.8) |
| during walking (cm) | CG | 35.1 ± 31.0 (22.3–47.9) | 19.6 ± 22.9|| (10.1–29.0) | 15.6 ± 23.0 (6.1–25.1) | 8.9 ± 14.5 (2.9–14.9) |
| Hip region pain | IG | 66.0 ± 20.9 (57.3–74.6) | 15.0 ± 15.5*† (8.7–21.4) | 9.0 ± 12.6‡ (3.8–14.2) | 5.4 ± 6.0 (2.9–7.9) |
| during walking (cm) | CG | 56.2 ± 31.5 (43.3–69.2) | 26.7 ± 22.1|| (17.6–35.9) | 16.2 ± 21.3 (7.4–25.0) | 6.1 ± 7.4 (3.1–9.2) |
| Hip abduction strength | IG | 2.5 ± 1.0 (2.1–2.9) | – | 2.7 ± 0.8 (2.4–3.0) | 3.1 ± 0.9§ (2.7–3.4) |
| (kgf/kg) | CG | 2.1 ± 0.9 (1.8–2.5) | – | 2.4 ± 0.7 (2.1–2.7) | 2.7 ± 1.0 (2.3–3.1) |
| Knee extensor strength | IG | 4.3 ± 1.3 (3.8–4.8) | 3.7 ± 1.0*† (3.3–4.1) | 4.4 ± 1.2*‡ (3.9–4.9) | 5.2 ± 1.3*§ (4.7–5.8) |
| (kgf/kg) | CG | 4.1 ± 1.6 (3.4–4.7) | 3.0 ± 1.0|| (2.6–3.4) | 3.7 ± 1.2¶ (3.2–4.1) | 4.5 ± 1.6# (3.8–5.2) |
| Single-leg stance time | IG | 94.2 ± 12.6 (89.0–99.4) | 99.0 ± 7.1 (96.1–101.9) | 101.4 ± 7.4 (98.3–104.5) | 104.8 ± 7.1§ (101.9–107.8) |
| (sec) | CG | 91.8 ± 22.8 (82.4–101.2) | 99.4 ± 9.1 (95.7–103.1) | 101.0 ± 8.7 (97.4–104.6) | 104.0 ± 7.6# (100.9–107.2) |
| TUG (sec) | IG | 10.9 ± 3.2 (9.6–12.3) | 9.3 ± 1.9* (8.6–10.1) | 8.0 ± 1.4‡ (7.4–8.6) | 7.0 ± 1.1§ (6.5–7.4) |
| CG | 13.2 ± 7.2 (10.3–16.2) | 12.0 ± 3.6 (10.5–13.5) | 9.7 ± 3.1¶ (8.4–11.0) | 8.2 ± 2.2# (7.3–9.1) | |
| Stride length (cm) | IG | 60.2 ± 9.8 (56.2–64.3) | 58.9 ± 6.4* (56.2–61.5) | 64.9 ± 6.5*‡ (62.2–67.6) | 68.8 ± 6.8*§ (66.0–71.6) |
| CG | 53.6 ± 13.7 (48.0–59.3) | 51.6 ± 10.4 (47.3–55.9) | 57.4 ± 11.6¶ (52.6–62.2) | 61.8 ± 10.9# (57.3–66.3) | |
| Walking speed (m/sec) | IG | 1.4 ± 0.4 (1.3–1.6) | 1.3 ± 0.2* (1.2–1.4) | 1.5 ± 0.3*‡ (1.4–1.6) | 1.7 ± 0.2*§ (1.6–1.8) |
| CG | 1.2 ± 0.4 (1.1–1.4) | 1.1 ± 0.3 (1.0–1.3) | 1.3 ± 0.4¶ (1.1–1.4) | 1.5 ± 0.3# (1.3–1.6) | |
| Walking rate (steps/sec) | IG | 2.42 ± 0.3 (2.2–2.5) | 2.2 ± 0.3 (2.1–2.4) | 2.3 ± 0.3 (2.2–2.4) | 2.5 ± 0.3§ (2.4–2.6) |
| CG | 2.3 ± 0.3 (2.1–2.4) | 2.1 ± 0.3 (2.0–2.3) | 2.2 ± 0.3 (2.2–2.3) | 2.4 ± 0.3# (2.3–2.5) |
Values are mean ± SD for each variable (95%CI).
IG: Intervention group; CG: Control group.
*Difference between groups at each assessment period using a 2-sample t-tests or Mann–Whitney U test.
†Difference between preoperatively and discharge in the IG group.
‡Difference between discharge and 1 month postoperatively in the IG group.
§Difference between 1 month postoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in the IG group.
||Difference between preoperatively and discharge in the CG group.
¶Different between discharge and 1 month postoperatively in the CG group.
#Different between 1 month postoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in the CG group.