Summary of findings 3. (Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo) for pregnant women.

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)
Patient or population: Pregnant women of any gestational age and parity Settings: Hospital or community‐based antenatal clinics Intervention: Any supplements containing iron and folic acid Comparison: Same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)
Outcomes	Relative effect (95% CI)	No of Participants (studies)	Quality of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL)	RR 1.07 (0.31 to 3.74)	1311 (2 RCTs)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low 1,2
Birthweight (ALL)	The mean birthweight (ALL) in the intervention group was 57.73 higher (7.66 higher to 107.79 higher)	1365 (2 RCTs)	⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate 1
Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL)	RR 1.55 (0.40 to 6.00)	1497 (3 RCTs)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low 2,3
Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) (ALL)	RR 0.81 (0.51 to 1.30)	1793 (3 RCTs)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low 2,3
Congenital anomalies (ALL)	RR 0.70 (0.35 to 1.40)	1652 (1 RCT)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low 2,4
CI: Confidence interval; RR: risk ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

¹Both studies contributing data had design limitations

²Wide 95% CI crossing the line of no effect

³All studies contributing data had design limitations

⁴Study contributing data had design limitations