| 1 Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL) |
4 |
16143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 1.00] |
| 2 Low birthweight (less than 2500 g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by gestational age at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 1.00] |
| 2.1 Early gestational age (less than 20 weeks of gestation or pre‐pregnancy) at start of supplementation |
3 |
13817 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.75, 1.11] |
| 2.2 Late gestational age (20 weeks or more of gestation) at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 2.3 Unspecified or mixed gestational age at the start of supplementation |
1 |
2326 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.59, 1.22] |
| 3 Low birthweight (less than 2500 g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by anaemia status at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 1.00] |
| 3.1 Anaemic at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Non‐anaemic at start of supplementation |
2 |
12554 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.83, 1.32] |
| 3.3 Unspecified or mixed anaemia status |
2 |
3589 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.83 [0.72, 0.94] |
| 4 Low birthweight (less than 2500 g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by dose of iron |
4 |
16143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 1.00] |
| 4.1 Low daily dose (30 mg elemental iron or less) |
1 |
11827 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.81, 1.31] |
| 4.2 Medium daily dose (31 to 59 mg elemental iron) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.21 [0.57, 2.54] |
| 4.3 Higher daily dose (60 mg elemental iron and above) |
2 |
3589 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.83 [0.72, 0.94] |
| 5 Low birthweight (less than 2500 g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by malarial status of setting |
4 |
16143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 1.00] |
| 5.1 Malarial setting |
3 |
4316 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.73, 0.95] |
| 5.2 Non‐malarial setting |
1 |
11827 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.81, 1.31] |
| 6 Birthweight (g) (ALL) |
4 |
16143 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
19.50 [‐6.90, 45.89] |
| 7 Birthweight (g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by gestational age at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16143 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
19.50 [‐6.90, 45.89] |
| 7.1 Early gestational age (less than 20 weeks of gestation or pre‐pregnancy) at start of supplementation |
3 |
13817 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
22.47 [‐18.18, 63.12] |
| 7.2 Late gestational age (20 weeks or more of gestation) at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Unspecified or mixed gestational age at the start of supplementation |
1 |
2326 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
20.20 [‐15.13, 55.53] |
| 8 Birthweight (g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by anaemia status at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16143 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
19.50 [‐6.90, 45.89] |
| 8.1 Anaemic at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.2 Non‐anaemic at start of supplementation |
2 |
12554 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
2.30 [‐11.42, 16.01] |
| 8.3 Unspecified or mixed anaemic status at start of supplementation |
2 |
3589 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
39.61 [‐3.90, 83.13] |
| 9 Birthweight (g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by dose of iron |
4 |
16143 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
19.50 [‐6.90, 45.89] |
| 9.1 Low daily dose (30 mg elemental iron or less) |
1 |
11827 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.90 [‐12.17, 15.97] |
| 9.2 Medium daily dose (31 to 59 mg elemental iron) |
1 |
727 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
10.0 [‐51.92, 71.92] |
| 9.3 Higher daily dose (60 mg elemental iron and above) |
2 |
3589 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
39.61 [‐3.90, 83.13] |
| 10 Birthweight (g): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by malarial status of setting |
4 |
16143 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
19.50 [‐6.90, 45.89] |
| 10.1 Malarial setting |
3 |
4316 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
32.23 [0.86, 63.60] |
| 10.2 Non‐malarial setting |
1 |
11827 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.90 [‐12.17, 15.97] |
| 11 Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) |
4 |
16146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.87, 1.08] |
| 12 Preterm birth (less 37 weeks of gestation): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by gestational age at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.87, 1.08] |
| 12.1 Early gestational age (less than 20 weeks of gestation or pre‐pregnancy) at start of supplementation |
3 |
13820 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.88, 1.12] |
| 12.2 Late gestational age (20 weeks or more of gestation) at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 12.3 Unspecified or mixed gestational age at the start of supplementation |
1 |
2326 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.57, 1.09] |
| 13 Preterm birth (less 37 weeks of gestation): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by anaemia status at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.87, 1.08] |
| 13.1 Anaemic at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 13.2 Non‐anaemic at start of supplementation |
2 |
12559 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.84, 1.12] |
| 13.3 Unspecified or mixed anaemic status at start of supplementation |
2 |
3587 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.71, 1.22] |
| 14 Preterm birth (less 37 weeks of gestation): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by dose of iron |
4 |
16146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.87, 1.08] |
| 14.1 Low daily dose (30 mg elemental iron or less) |
1 |
11832 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.83, 1.11] |
| 14.2 Medium daily dose (31 to 59 mg elemental iron) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.26 [0.62, 2.56] |
| 14.3 Higher daily dose (60 mg elemental iron and above) |
2 |
3587 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.71, 1.22] |
| 15 Preterm birth (less 37 weeks of gestation): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by malarial status of setting |
4 |
16146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.87, 1.08] |
| 15.1 Malarial setting |
3 |
4314 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.78, 1.20] |
| 15.2 Non‐malarial setting |
1 |
11832 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.83, 1.11] |
| 16 Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) (ALL) |
4 |
16603 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.71, 1.18] |
| 17 Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by gestational age at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16603 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.71, 1.18] |
| 17.1 Early gestational age (less than 20 weeks of gestation or pre‐pregnancy) at start of supplementation |
3 |
14108 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.71, 1.42] |
| 17.2 Late gestational age (20 weeks or more of gestation) at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 17.3 Unspecified or mixed gestational age at the start of supplementation |
1 |
2495 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.56, 1.19] |
| 18 Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) : SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by anaemia status at the start of supplementation |
4 |
16603 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.71, 1.18] |
| 18.1 Anaemic at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 18.2 Non‐anaemic at start of supplementation |
2 |
12559 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.51, 1.77] |
| 18.3 Unspecified or mixed anaemic status at start of supplementation |
2 |
4044 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.65, 1.19] |
| 19 Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by dose of iron |
4 |
16603 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.71, 1.18] |
| 19.1 Low daily dose (30 mg elemental iron or less) |
1 |
11832 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.67, 1.82] |
| 19.2 Medium daily dose (31 to 59 mg elemental iron) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.48 [0.12, 1.91] |
| 19.3 Higher daily dose (60 mg elemental iron and above) |
2 |
4044 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.65, 1.19] |
| 20 Neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by malarial status of setting |
4 |
16603 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.71, 1.18] |
| 20.1 Malarial setting |
3 |
4771 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.63, 1.15] |
| 20.2 Non‐malarial setting |
1 |
11832 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.67, 1.82] |
| 21 Congenital anomalies (ALL) |
2 |
13586 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.44, 1.39] |
| 22 Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 23 Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by gestational age at the start of supplementation |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 23.1 Early gestational age (less than 20 weeks of gestation or pre‐pregnancy) at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 23.2 Late gestational age (20 weeks or more of gestation) at start of supplementation |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 23.3 Unspecified or mixed gestational age at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 24 Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by anaemia status at the start of supplementation |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 24.1 Anaemic at start of supplementation |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 24.2 Non‐anaemic at start of supplementation |
1 |
240 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.24 [0.09, 0.61] |
| 24.3 Unspecified or mixed anaemic status at start of supplementation |
1 |
63 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.39 [0.23, 0.67] |
| 25 Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more ): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by dose of iron |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 25.1 Low daily dose (30 mg elemental iron or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 25.2 Medium daily dose (31 to 59 mg elemental iron) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 25.3 Higher daily dose (60 mg elemental iron and above) |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 26 Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more ): SUBGROUP ANALYSIS by malarial status of setting |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 26.1 Malarial setting |
1 |
63 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.39 [0.23, 0.67] |
| 26.2 Non‐malarial setting |
1 |
240 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.24 [0.09, 0.61] |
| 27 Maternal iron deficiency at term (as defined by trialists, based on any indicator of iron status at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 28 Maternal iron‐deficiency anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L and at least one additional laboratory indicators at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 29 Maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 30 Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.55, 2.23] |
| 31 Maternal severe anaemia at any time during second and third trimester (Hb less than 70 g/L) (ALL) |
3 |
1047 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.06 [0.01, 0.47] |
| 32 Maternal clinical malaria |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 33 Infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections) (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.21 [0.33, 4.46] |
| 34 Very low birthweight (less than 1500 g) (ALL) |
2 |
1990 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.28, 2.01] |
| 35 Very premature birth (less than 34 weeks' gestation) (ALL) |
2 |
3053 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.30, 1.12] |
| 36 Infant Hb concentration in the first 6 months (in g/L, counting the last reported measure after birth within this period) (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 37 Infant serum ferritin concentration in the first 6 months (in μg/L, counting the last reported measure after birth within this period) (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 38 Admission to special care unit (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 39 Maternal anaemia at or near term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
2 |
303 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.21, 0.55] |
| 40 Maternal iron deficiency at or near term (as defined by trialists, based on any indicator of iron status at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 41 Maternal iron‐deficiency anaemia at or near term (Hb less than 110 g/L and at least one additional laboratory indicators at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 42 Maternal Hb concentration at or near term (in g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
2 |
771 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
12.44 [0.95, 23.93] |
| 43 Maternal Hb concentration within 6 wk postpartum (in g/L) (ALL) |
1 |
297 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
9.20 [5.78, 12.62] |
| 44 Maternal high haemoglobin concentrations during second or third trimester (Hb more than 130 g/L) (ALL) |
2 |
1042 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
4.33 [2.26, 8.30] |
| 45 Maternal high haemoglobin concentrations at or near term (Hb more than 130 g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
2 |
967 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.87 [0.32, 10.84] |
| 46 Moderate anaemia at postpartum (Hb more than 80 g/L and less than 110 g/L) (ALL) |
1 |
353 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.38 [0.18, 0.81] |
| 47 Maternal severe anaemia at or near term (Hb less than 70 g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) |
2 |
773 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 48 Severe anaemia at postpartum (Hb less than 80 g/L) (ALL) |
2 |
386 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.08 [0.00, 1.33] |
| 49 Puerperal infection (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.20, 4.75] |
| 50 Antepartum haemorrhage (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.35 [0.43, 4.22] |
| 51 Postpartum haemorrhage (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.71, 16.15] |
| 52 Transfusion provided (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.89 [0.12, 70.83] |
| 53 Diarrhoea (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.55 [0.16, 1.87] |
| 54 Constipation (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.55, 2.23] |
| 55 Nausea (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.47, 1.99] |
| 56 Heartburn (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.65 [0.66, 4.15] |
| 57 Vomiting (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 58 Maternal wellbeing/satisfaction (ALL) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 59 Placental abruption (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.24, 3.83] |
| 60 Premature rupture of membranes (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.74, 1.34] |
| 61 Pre‐eclampsia (ALL) |
1 |
727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.22 [0.89, 11.59] |
| 62 Mental development index in infants at 3 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 63 Mental development index in infants at 6 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 64 Mental development index in infants at 12 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 65 Mental development index in infants at 18 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 66 Mental development index in infants at 24 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 67 Mental development index in infants at 18 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 68 Psychomotor development index in infants at 3 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 69 Psychomotor development index in infants at 6 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 70 Psychomotor development index in infants at 12 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 71 Psychomotor development index in infants at 24 months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
